1. Anthony Salciccioli | Clarenceville High School | Grade 10 WORLD HISTORY WORD WALL

2. UNIT I TERMS- “ FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD HISTORY: ERAS 1-3, BEGINNINGS TO 300

3. How you perceive history- it’s value, it’s importance, it’s usage The different sides of a story. Even though the event happened, people will see it differently HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

4. Amount of detail you bring to a historical event Changing your levels of history from personal, local, national, world Placing yourself in different timeframes. Projecting your self in the past and future HISTORICAL SCALE

5. The most original, unbiased piece of information. Allows us to think for ourselves, free from bias PRIMARY SOURCES

6. 1. Intuition: (Hunch) 2. Authority: (Should I listen to this person? Are they experts on the subject? Logic: Does this make logical sense? Evidence: This is what always should be sought out. Most important thing I can teach you as a social studies teacher. HOW TO ASSESS CLAIMS

7. 1. Locate a site 2. Map 3. Excavate 4. Screen 5. Document 6. Laboratory Analysis Archeology allows us to understand our human story by providing evidence on our distant past. More of a hard science, than social science SIX STEPS TO ARCHEOLOGY

8. Biologically, there is no race. We are all Homo Sapiens There is significant difference in race sociologically. RACE

9. A country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen. KINGDOM

10. 1. Cities- The engine of civilization 2. Advanced tools 3. Social Classes 4. Specialized Jobs 5. Writing 6. Organized Religion 7. Government and Laws A group of people that possess 7 criterion A group needs to have all 7 to be considered civilized. Other peoples existed that did not meet these 7. CIVILIZATION

11. An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress. “Conquer and Expand” EMPIRE

12. The aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community SOCIETY

13. A succession of people from the same family who play a prominent role in business, politics, or another field. DYNASTY

14. A city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state. Greece had over 1,000, so they were able to experiment with various ways of governance. CITY-STATE

15. Leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others. HEGEMONY

16. THE MORE PEOPLE YOU MIX WITH, THE MORE YOU LEARN. Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. The mixing of world cultures through different ethnicities, religions and nationalities. It has increased with advanced communication, transportation and technology. CULTURAL DIFFUSION

17. The dispersion of any people from their original homeland. This has happened to groups that have faced push migrations. DIASPORA

18. Reasons why people leave where they are. Push factors are negative. Pull are positive. PUSH VS. PULL MIGRATIONS

19. The study of historical writing. We evaluate whether the information comes from a good or bad source. Some sources are highly biased, so it validates the usage of primary sources. HISTORIOGRAPHY

20. The combining or attempted combining of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought. This is most evident in the Chinese belief systems. SYNCRETISM

21. Feeling experienced when evidence presented violates what we were taught. Part of process in finding evidence related to historical event. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

22. Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture. Belief that, “one’s people” are superior to another. ETHNOCENTRISM

23. Ways Homo Sapiens lived for millennia Small groups that worked collectively Was very effective Began to go away 10,000 years ago when man shifted to Agrarian ways Very few people on earth live this way now. HUNTING AND GATHERING

24. Began when mankind filled up the world. It took man roughly 170,000 years to fill world from East Africa to Southern South America Sedentary populations led to major changes. AGRARIAN SOCIETIES

25. Engines of Civilization Emerged when Agrarian societies stayed sedentary for long periods of time Where cities emerge give perspective to world hegemony throughout history. CITIES

26. These were the first four civilizations in history They emerged in good climates, along rivers The first four were Sumer (Tigris and Euphrates), Egypt (Nile), Indus Valley (Indus), China (Yellow) All possessed the 7 criterions for civilization. RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

27. Western ones are: 1. Judaism 2. Christianity 3. Islam Eastern ones are: 4. Hinduism 5. Buddhism Answer Fundamental Questions all people ask Adapt to cultures where they spread Are adopted by the political leadership Are portable and have a message that transcends geography WORLD RELIGIONS

28. 4. Sociological - Provides a group to identify with and support networks. 1. Cosmological - Answers the questions where man fits into cosmos 2. Mystical- Provides profound, transcendent experiences 3. Pedagogical- What is taught from generation to generation 4 REASONS PEOPLE HAVE RELIGION

29. UNIT II TERMS: ERA 4- EXPANDING AND INTENSIFIED HEMISPHERIC INTERACTIONS, 300 TO 1500 C.E.

30. Caused by: 1. Invention of Iron 2. Farming and Pastoral Nomadism 3. Improved Crops 4. Usage of horses and camels 5. People living in denser populations boost immune systems. POPULATION GROWTH

31. WritingWith the appearance of alphabetic writing systems in Afroeurasia, people could communicate faster and easier than ever before. ReligionsThe appearance of world religions— Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, and Christianity—stimulated cultural interchange across political and cultural boundaries. RoutesAround 300 BCE to 300 CE, merchants, shippers, sea captains, and empire-builders extended and strengthened trade routes across Afroeurasia and the Americas. EmpiresEmpires required networks of military and political communication. These networks encouraged interaction of many kinds over long distances. EXPANDING NETWORKS OF EXCHANGE

32. Are producers of food, and the size of their tribal or ethnic units increases accordingly. These groups raise livestock, and they move about within their established territory to find good pastures for their animals. PASTORAL NOMADISM

33. Human beings build our body of knowledge over time. Those from the past have contributed inventions, innovations, and ideas that are still very much with us today. This is one of the main reasons history is studied. COLLECTIVE LEARNING

34. The Silk Road was a network of trade routes, formally established during the Han Dynasty of China, which linked the regions of the ancient world in commerce. This was the catalyst for the world to increase it’s interactions. SILK ROAD

35. This was the route that connected Africa. Many commodities passed along these, the most important being salt and gold. This was to Africa what the Silk Road was to Afroeurasia This interconnectedness boosted immune systems along with economies. TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE ROUTE

36. This is the lineage that began in Greece. This Greek heritage was passed to the Romans…. Which was passed to the Byzantines….. Which was passed to Europe…. Which was passed to the United States. We ultimately have Greek roots. WESTERN CIVILIZATION

37. This is the portion of the world that follows Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism and Shinto. They have high population centers and cultural similarities compared to the western world. EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS

38. Dynastic cycle is an important political theory in Chinese history. According to this theory, every dynasty goes through a culture cycle. A new ruler unites China, founds a new dynasty, and gains the Mandate of Heaven DYNASTIC CYCLE

39. These are serious diseases that kill large numbers of people throughout the world. Although they are tragic, they have altered world history i.e. Indigenous deaths through smallpox, European economy post-Bubonic Plague PANDEMICS

40. In European history, the Middle Ages or Medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. MEDIEVAL TIMES

41. 1. Afro-Eurasia: Africa and the Eurasian landmass, including offshore islands like Britain and Japan 2. The Americas: North, Central, and South America, plus offshore islands like the Caribbean Islands 3. Australasia: Australia and the island of Papua New Guinea, plus neighboring islands in the Pacific Ocean 4. The Pacific: Island societies such as New Zealand, Micronesia, Melanesia, Hawaii (Antarctica is not considered a world zone because until very recently no people lived there.) WORLD ZONES

42. UNIT III TERMS: ERA 5- THE EMERGENCE OF THE FIRST GLOBAL AGE, 15TH-18TH CENTURIES

43. A political theory holding that all power should be vested in one ruler or other authority. Kings and Queens believed they had complete control over government and the lives of their people The most widespread political system in use in Europe and parts of Asia in 1500- 1600. ABSOLUTISM

44. The philosophical justification that monarchial rule comes from God’s will. Allows leaders to essentially do what they want. DIVINE RIGHTS OF KINGS

45. A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was fueled by free-thinkers and philosophers and still has tremendous influence on modern education and government. THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT

46. “ The European Miracle”, a term coined by Eric Jones refers to the sudden rise of Europe during the late Middle Ages. REFORMATION + RENAISSANCE + SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION + ENGLIGHTENMENT + AGE OF DISCOVERY= EUROPEAN MIRACLE. Europe went from poor, ignorant, and backwater to having world hegemony in a short time. EUROPEAN MIRACLE

47. A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent. In other words, the modern idea of being a citizen of a country….not a kingdom, dynasty, empire, fiefdom, etc. that we’ve seen in the ancient world. NATION-STATE

48. A 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches Resulted in significant increases in literacy in Europe due to Luther’s promoting reading the bible in the vernacular, not Latin. PROTESTANT REFORMATION

49. The period of Catholic resurgence beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. COUNTER-REFORMATION

50. A cultural movement that spanned from the 14 th -17 th Century that ended Medieval Times and brought renewal and growth to Europe. Began in Italy and then spread outward to the rest of Europe RENAISSANCE Architecture Literature Philosophy AFFECTED Art Music Politics Science Religion

51. Fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time. Revolutions took place globally during this time period in history. Aristotle described two types of political revolution: 1. Complete change from one constitution to another 2. Modification of an existing constitution. REVOLUTION

52. The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

53. An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state that became the dominant economic system in Western World CAPITALISM

54. When people are forced to labor against one’s will Types: Slavery, Bride buying, Child Labor, Indentured Servitude, Human trafficking, Impressment, Peonage, Penal Labor COERCED LABOR

55. Vast Global economic exchange that started with Columbus when he returned to Spain in 1493, bringing plants and animals that he found in the Americas. It caused a global population explosion and commercial revolution: COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

56. This occurred when Europeans arrived in the Americas. Up to 95% of indigenous people died due to European’s guns, germs (smallpox), and greed. GREAT DYING

57. Mutual dependence at a global level. In other words, one country depends on another country for something and that country may depend on another country, which eventually creates global interdependence. GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE

58. Economic policy aimed at strengthening a national economy by exporting more goods than importing. Often colonial powers forced their colonies to provide raw materials for these economies and then buy the finished products. MERCANTILISM

59. An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress. Empires grow and prosper through military and economic conquering. European nations grew their empires from 1492-1914. Here is what the world looked like in 1914: EMPIRE

60. UNIT IV: ERA 6 - AN AGE OF GLOBAL REVOLUTIONS, 18TH CENTURY TO 1914

61. CONSTITUTIONALISM This was when nations adopted Constitutions to serve as, “rule books” for running nations

62. DEMOCRACY The word 'democracy' has its origins in the Greek language. It combines two shorter words: 'demos' meaning whole citizen living within a particular city- state and 'kratos' meaning power or rule. In short, it is a system where the majority rules.

63. These are rights that are indelible and cannot be taken away. For us, these are stated in the first Ten Amendments of our Constitution known as the Bill of Rights INALIENABLE RIGHTS

64. CLASSICAL LIBERALISM

65. The strong belief that the interests of a particular nation- state are of primary importance. Also, the belief that a people who share a common language, history, and culture should constitute an independent nation, free of foreign domination. NATIONALISM

66. It’s the idea that the power of this government comes from "We the People", that the American government, our government, is ruled by its people through their votes. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

67. REPUBLICANISM Republicanism is a system of government where people vote for people to speak on their behalf. Here is where our 435 seats are in the United States

68. This is the idea of eliminating an old way of doing things and replacing it with another. It can apply to politics, culture, economies, and technology. REVOLUTION

69. This is an idea that began with the Magna Carta in 1215 and increased over time. All people follow the law. People will come and go, but the laws remain the same. RULE OF LAW

70. Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and people. SECULARISM

71. SOCIAL CONTRACT On a smaller scale, the teacher and student relationship demonstrates that mutual sacrifices result in mutual benefits.

72. An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. CAPITALISM

73. The political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and a profit based economy with public ownership and communal control. In short, everyone shares the collective resources. COMMUNISM

74. When economies switched from agriculture to factories. This created large cities and major global changes in regards to economy, culture, and hegemony. INDUSTRIALISM

75. These are groups of workers that band together in solidarity in order to create better working conditions for themselves. LABOR UNIONS

76. This is the process of people abandoning their rural roots and moving into cities. In Detroit, immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, Blacks from the south (Great Migration)and whites from Appalachia moved here to work in factories. URBANIZATION

77. This class emerged during this time. The working class are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labor occupations and in skilled, industrial work. Working- class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some white- collar jobs, and most service-work jobs. WORKING CLASS

78. This was the process of a large, well-armed nation going to a smaller, militarily weaker nation and imposing their economic and social will. IMPERIALISM

79. European imperial nations demonstrated significant racism during this time. People of color throughout the world were subjugated by European nations RACISM