1. Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates: A. the law of effect. B. spontaneous recovery. C. respondent behavior. D. associative learning.

2. Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n): A. primary reinforcer. B. unconditional stimulus. C. immediate reinforcer. D. conditioned stimulus.

3. Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ________ comes after a(n) _____. A. CS; US B. UR; CS C. secondary reinforcer; operant behavior D. negative reinforcer; operant behavior

4. The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective. A. evolutionary B. behaviorist C. cognitive D. neuroscience

5. Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n): A. negative reinforcer. B. conditioned stimulus. C. conditioned reinforcer. D. unconditioned stimulus.

6. If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by: A. intrinsic motivation. B. spontaneous recovery. C. biological predispositions. D. conditioned reinforcers.

7. After getting ill from eating her friend’s Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldn’t stand the the sight or smell of turkey. However, when her friend baked a whole chicken, Natalia thought it sounded good. This illustrates: A. generalization. B. discrimination. C. extinction. D. acquisition.

8. The law of effect relates most closely to: A. modeling. B. operant conditioning. C. classical conditioning. D. latent learning.

9. For some children who bite themselves or bang their heads, squirting water into their faces when they hurt themselves has been observed to decrease the frequency of these self-abusive behaviors. This best illustrates the potential value of: A. punishment. B. conditioned reinforcers. C. negative reinforcers. D. latent learning.

10. Occasional, unpredictable reinforcement usually results in _________ rates of responding. A. unpredictable B. steady C. delayed D. speedy

11. Mirror neurons are important to the process of learning because they: A. enhance cognitive maps. B. enable imitation. C. provide a neurological basis for operant conditioning. D. explain aversive conditioning.

12. Martin likes to shower in the men’s locker room after working out. During a shower he hears a toilet flushing nearby. Suddenly boiling hot water comes out of the showerhead, causing Martin serious discomfort. Later on in the shower, he hears another toilet flush and he immediately jumps out from under the showerhead. In this scenario, what is the unconditioned response (UR)? A. jumping out of the shower B. sound of the toilet flushing C. pain avoidance D. boiling hot water

13. A child is sent to his room with no supper because he presented a bad report card to his parents. The parent’s intent was to: A. punish poor academic performance. B. negatively reinforce poor academic performance. C. extinguish poor academic performance. D. partially reinforce poor academic performance.

14. Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become tainted from being in the sun too long. Not long after eating, Brian became extremely nauseated and felt awful. After that, even the sight of a tuna sandwich caused Brian to feel nauseated. In this scenario, what is the conditioned response (CR)? A. tuna B. nausea C. mayonnaise D. sight of any sandwich

15. Luke gets paid a fixed sum after every four pianos he tunes. He is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement. A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

16. Extinction occurs ___________ in classical conditioning and ___________ in operant conditioning. A. when the CS is presented with the US; when reinforcement increases B. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly; when reinforcement increases C. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly; when reinforcement stops D. when the CS is presented with the US; when reinforcement stops

17. Memory

18. Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s classic three-stage model of memory includes all of the following, EXCEPT: A. short-term memory. B. long-term memory. C. flashbulb memory. D. sensory memory.

19. When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is virtually impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of: A. chunking. B. flashbulb memory. C. automatic processing. D. iconic memory.

20. According to the serial position effect, you will remember more: A. items at the beginning and end of a list, than in the middle. B. items in the middle of a list, than at the beginning and end. C. vocabulary words if you process them visually. D. vocabulary words if you process them acoustically.

21. Which of the following processes is likely to result in the best memory for words? A. visual encoding B. acoustic encoding C. rote memorization D. semantic encoding

22. Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the: A. amygdala. B. hypothalamus. C. sensory cortex. D. motor cortex.

23. Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory? A. a mental image of one's best friend B. the date of one's own birth C. a conditioned fear of guns D. one's own name

24. Priming refers to: A. the sense that one has been in a particular situation before. B. better recall for experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood. C. attributing a memory to an erroneous source. D. the activation of associations in memory.

25. Each of the following “sins of memory” involves distortion, EXCEPT: A. suggestibility. B. bias. C. misattribution. D. absent-mindedness.

26. The reason most North Americans cannot accurately describe the head of a penny is due to: A. storage decay. B. encoding failure. C. motivated forgetting. D. retrieval failure.

27. After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Adam cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates: A. repression. B. retroactive interference. C. encoding failure. D. source amnesia.

28. During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates: A. the spacing effect. B. proactive interference. C. retroactive interference. D. state-dependent memory.

29. The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that the processes of encoding and retrieval involve: A. implicit memory. B. automatic processing. C. long-term potentiation. D. memory construction.

30. Which of the following would be predicted by Ebbinghaus’ famous forgetting curve? Several years after learning the dates of important historical events for a college class, students: A. will remember most of the dates, and will remember them for years to come. B. will remember most of the dates, and will slowly start to forget them. C. will have forgotten most of the dates, but what they do remember, they’ll remember for years to come. D. will have forgotten most of the dates, but during the years to come, they will again remember what they initially forgot.

31. You are used to driving a car with a standard shift. Today you are driving a friend’s car that has an automatic transmission. As you drive, you keep trying to shift gears, but there is no shift. This tendency is most likely due to: A. retroactive interference. B. proactive interference. C. motivated forgetting. D. encoding failure.

32. We have all had the experience of the tip-of-the- tongue phenomenon. We are asked to remember someone’s name. We are certain that we know the name and feel as if we are just about to remember it, yet it remains elusive. What type of forgetting might be at work here? A. encoding failure B. retroactive interference C. retrieval failure D. motivated forgetting

33. You are asked to recall the names of the Seven Dwarfs in the Snow White fairy tale. You are familiar with the story, and may have even seen a movie of the story, yet you cannot remember all seven names accurately. What type of memory problem might account for this? A. retrieval failure B. encoding failure C. proactive interference D. storage failure

34. As a child, Theo often looked at a picture album that included photos of a family reunion. Although Theo had not attended the reunion because he had been ill, he remembers being there. Theo’s mistake best illustrates the “sin” of: A. suggestibility. B. persistence. C. misattribution. D. transience.