2. Unit 5: Plant Science Diagram the parts of plants. Explain the functions of various parts of plants. Explain physiology Explain types of plant reproduction

3. Basic Parts of the Plant Roots Stems Leaves Flower (some plants)

4. Roots 1. Anchor Plant 2. Absorb water, minerals, and nutrients 3. Translocate water and minerals to stem 4. Store Food

5. Stems 1. Translocate water, minerals and nutrients to the leaves 2. Support the leaves and display them to light 3. Store Food

6. Leaves 1. Make food through photosynthesis 2. Provide site of gas exchange 3. Store food

7. Flowers 1. Contain organs for specialized sexual production 2. Produce seeds and fruit

8. Different type of Roots A. Tap Root –Continuation of the primary root –Ideal for anchorage –Penetration is greater for deep water –Storage area for food made by photosynthesis

9. Different type of Roots B. Fibrous Roots –Many finely branched secondary roots –Shallow roots cover a large area More effective absorption of water and minerals Roots hold the soil to prevent erosion

10. Different type of Roots C. Aerial roots –Clinging air roots Short roots that grow horizontally from the stems Roots that fasten the plant to a support –Absorptive air roots

11. Different type of Roots Adventitious Roots –Develop in places other than nodes –Can form on cuttings and rhizomes

13. Roots Root hairs: –Tiny one celled hair like extensions of the epidermal cells located near the tips of the roots where vascular tissues have formed. –Increase surface area –Absorb water and minerals from soil

14. Specialized Stems A. Corm (gladiolus, crocus, banana) – underground –Solid, fleshy, scale covered

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16. Specialized Stems B. Bulb (tulips, lillies, onions) –Layers of fleshy scales that overlap each other –Underground stem

17. Specialized Stems C. Tuber (potato, caladium) –Food storage area –Short, thick underground stem

18. Specialized Stems D. Crown (African Violets, fern) –Closely grouped stems or plantlets –Just above ground or just below

19. Specialized Stems E. Spurs (pear and apple trees) –Short stems found on woody plant limbs adapted for increased production of fruits

20. Specialized Stems F. Rhizomes (iris, lily of the valley) –Underground stems that produce roots on the lower surface and extend leaves and flower shoots above the ground

21. Specialized Stems G. Stolon (Strawberry, airplane plant) –S–Stem that grows horizontally above the soil surface

22. Principal Tissues of the Leaf Epidermis –Cuticle Waxy substance covers the leaves and stems Waterproof layer that keeps water in plants

23. Principal Tissues of the Leaf Epidermis (cont) –Stomata Openings in the epidermis mainly located on underside of leaves Exchange of gases Transpiration

24. Principal Tissues of the Leaf Epidermis (cont) –Guard Cells Two cells located on each side of stomata Open and closes stomata

25. Principal Tissues of the Leaf Mesophyll layer –Palisade mesophyll Primary site of photosynthesis –Spongy mesophyll Contains air and chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis and gas exchange

26. Principal Tissues of the Leaf Veins or vascular bundles –In spongy mesophyll –Phloem tissues conducts food from photosynthesis to rest of plant –Xylem tissues conduct water and minerals up to cells in leaves and stems

27. Parts of the Flower Sepals –Outer covering of the flower bud –Protects the stamens and pistils when flower is in bud stage

28. Parts of the Flower Petals –Brightly colored –Protects stamen and pistills –Attracts pollinating insects

29. Parts of the Flower Stamens –Male Reproductive part –Anther-produces pollen –Filament-supports the anther

30. Parts of the Flower Pistil –Female reproductive part –Ovary Enlarged portion at base of pistill Produces ovules which develop into seeds –Stigma Holds the pollen grains

31. Parts of the Flower Style –Connects the stigma with ovary –Supports the stigma so that it can be pollinated

32. Complete and Incomplete Flowers Complete: have all four main parts Incomplete: missing one of the main parts –Sepal –Petal –Stamens –Pistil

34. Parts of a Flower

37. Nomenclature and Taxonomy Common name – popular, familiar, or local plant name Most plants have more than one common name; some have several. Common names are confusing. The same plant may be known by different names in different parts of the Country EX: The redbud is also know as the judas tree.

38. In addition, two different plants may have the same common name. EX: In New York, the cowslip is a buttercup like plant that grows in marshes. In New England, the cowslip is a primrose like plant that comes from dry, grassy slopes.

39. Binomial name – the scientific plant name, which consists of two Latin names. EXAMPLES: Pinus echinata – shortleaf pine Quercus alba – white oak The first name is the generic name or group name. All plants have the same generic name belong to the same genus. EXAMPLES: Pinus is Latin for Pine Quercus is Latin for Oak

40. Related genera are grouped together into families. The second name is the specific name. All plants having the same specific name belong to the same species. EXAMPLES: Ulmus americana – American elm Juniperus virginiana – Eastern juniper Pinus taeda – Loblolly pine

41. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Plants are divided into two classes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. These terms are from Greek words. Sperm means seed. Gymno means naked, bare, or uncovered; and angio comes from a word meaning vessel or container.

42. Gymnosperms – plant bearing naked seeds. Generally evergreen Called conifers or softwoods Wood has no pores, but resin ducts Leaves are needlelike, scalelike, or awl- like Fruit is a woody or fleshy cone Characteristic shape: Excurrent, meaning a dominant main stem with lateral branching.

43. Angiosperms – plant bearing closed seeds. Generally deciduous Called broadleaf or hardwood trees Wood has pores, but no resin ducts Leaves are broadened; expanded blades Fruit is dry or fleshy and encloses the seed Characteristic shape: Dendritic, meaning branching and rebranching of the main stem.