1. George Washington, Ulysses S. Grant, Dwight D. Eisenhower Men Who Transformed the Nation Militarily and Politically Part I General George Washington GENERALS WHO BECAME PRESIDENTS

2. BACKGROUND: GENERALS WHO BECAME PRESIDENTS George WashingtonGeneral of the Armies of the United States Andrew JacksonMajor General William H. Harrison Major General Zachary TaylorMajor General Franklin PierceBrigadier General of Volunteers Andrew JohnsonBrigadier General of Volunteers Ulysses S. GrantGeneral of the Army Rutherford B. HayesB/Major General James A. GarfieldB/ Major General of Volunteers Benjamin HarrisonBrigadier General of Volunteers Chester A. ArthurB/Major General of Volunteers Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral of the Army Historical question: What made these three men stand out from the rest of the group?

3. THREE GENERALS—THREE PRESIDENTS Focus on: Leadership: Military/Civilian Generalmanship: Strategy and Tactics Family Innovation: Military/Civilian Character Religion Legacy : How Historians View Them

4. GEORGE WASHINGTON (1732—1799) BACKGROUND Washington’s family came from Sulgrave, Northamptonshire. England. Great-great Grandfather Rev. Lawrence Washington fell afoul of Cromwell’s Parlimentarians—Royalist or fondness of alehouses. Great-Grandfather, John settled in Virginia in 1657, was prosperous and became a member of the House of Burgesses. Grandfather Lawrence Washington, resided at Bridges Creek, Virginia George's father Augustine, born in 1694, married Jane Butler who bore him four children. George was one of the four and was born on February 11, 1732.

5. EARLY LIFE Very little is known about Washington’s early life. Washington’s father died in 1743, lived with various relatives. He was born into a family that was on the fringes of Virginia aristocracy. Washington lacked a formal education—assisted by his brother Lawrence’s connections to Virginia politics and the military. Turned to surveying as a profession— 1746 surveyed the Shenandoah Valley for Virginia governor, Lord Fairfax. Accompanied his brother, Lawrence to Barbados in 1751. Inherited brother’s estate Mount Vernon in 1752, at the age of 20. Attained the rank of major in the Virginia militia in 1753 —no formal military training.

6. PARSON WEEMS (1759-1825) Weems thought of himself as a historian—but he was more of a confidence man. Ordained as a minister, he was also a traveling bookseller, and an author. Weems authored books on the lives of Washington, Franklin, and Francis Marion (the Swamp Fox). In 1800 Weems wrote a biography of Washington. In it Weems took poetic license– he fabricated and mutilated the truth. The unknowing public loved Weem’s work—The Life of Washington was a best seller only being outsold by the Bible. The Life of Washington remained continuously remained in print until 1927.

7. MOUNT VERNON

8. GEORGE WASHINGTON: STARTS A WAR--1754 Washington’s military career had an inglorious beginning! 1754 sent by Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie to carry a warning on French forces moving into the Ohio valley region. The French ignored his warning and built Fort Duquesne. 1755 commissioned Lt. Col. and sent with 150 men back into the Ohio valley region and constructed Fort Necessity. 1. Seized Fort Duquesne and defeated small French force (Captain Coulon de Jummonville killed). 2. Was defeated by a larger French force (500 regulars 400 Indians) and was compelled to surrender the fort and his troops. Returned to Virginia and resigned his commission. Quarreled with regular British officers who assumed authority over colonial militia.

9. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (AKA THE SEVEN YEARS WAR) He may not have been aware at the time but Washington’s actions in the Ohio valley region may have significantly contributed to starting the earth’s first world war. To understand this truly global conflict we have to look back on what is going on in Europe with the major powers. For hundreds of years England and France were implacable enemies. In recent history: England, Sweden, Spain, Austria, Holland, and various German states vs. France War of the League of Augsburg or King William’s War 1688-1697. England, Holland, Prussia, Austria, the Holy Roman Empire vs. France War of the Spanish Succession or Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713. Great Britain, Austria vs. France and Prussia War of the Austrian Succession 1740-1748. During each of these wars, France had lost significant amounts of territory in North America. Britain had gained territory. France was now concerned that the hemorrhaging of land in North America had to stop!

10. NORTH AMERICA THE MAP REVEALS ALL

11. WASHINGTON AS A MILITARY LEADER In early 1755, British General Edward Braddock with 2000 regulars, colonists, and sailors marched against Fort Duquesne in a pre-emptive strike. George Washington made aide de camp to the general. Meanwhile, the French moved 3000 regular troops into Canada. Approximately 800 French troops were ordered to intercept Braddock. On July 9, 1755 the French force ambushed Braddock’s 2000 troops. Washington, with no formal command position calmly rallied the colonial troops and succeeded in turning a rout into an orderly retreat. August 1755, promoted to rank of Colonel and in command of all Virginia forces. 1758 promoted to rank of Brigadier and participated in expedition to build a fort on site of Fort Duquesne (now Fort Pitt). Resigned from militia in December 1758.

12. WASHINGTON’S MILITARY ATTRIBUTES 18 TH CENTURY STYLE Leadership—principally aristocratic in style—officers frequently fit into the upper social strata. Officers (British and Colonial) were gentlemen. Officers fought for military glory. Officers owed personal loyalty to their commander. (Later, U.S. officers would owe the first allegiance to the Constitution). Officers were members of a cohesive and self-regulating brotherhood. Much of these ideals could be traced back to a Medieval code of chivalry. During the American Revolution: 1. Washington recognized the need to respect the human dignity of those who he led. 2. Washington recognized that soldiers were thinking individuals and not mindless automatons. As President Washington also acknowledged that, unlike many European states, there was a distinct separation between civilian leadership and the military.

13. WASHINGTON’S INNOVATION In both civilian and military circles Washington’s drive and determination was evident. In December 1758 Washington was elected to the Virginia’s House of Burgesses. Early in 1759 Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis, a wealthy widow. That same year he settled down to farming practicing innovative farming—recognizing the hazards of Tobacco farming he converted his land to the cultivation of wheat. Washington was also a shrewd businessman who bought land. Significant amounts of land.

14. WASHINGTON: THE GENTLEMAN FARMER As a young surveyor he developed an appreciation for the beauty of American flora. He found time to breed dogs, racehorses, and cattle, and dabble in experimental agriculture. Grew rye, oats, hemp, and wheat after abandoning tobacco production. His estate consisted of 8000 acres. Washington developed the American mule. “Royal Gift” a Spanish donkey a gift from Charles III and “Knight of Malta” a gift from Lafayette. Throughout the Revolution, Washington was an innovative farmer and horticulturist. Did not grow any native British plants during and after the Revolution. Believed that America would develop as an agrarian society. A land of farmers.

15. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1775-1783 GEORGE WASHINGTON: THE GENERAL Washington possessed character and he was a genius in the area of leadership. Washington was a visionary leader—creating an effective organization. During the revolution he was able to take thirteen separate and disperate state militias and mold them into an army. He was able to focus simultaneously on two seemingly unrelated configurations: 1. Goals and objectives2. Strategy and tactics

16. EXAMPLE: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Washington took command of the American rebel forces in June 1775. When he arrived outside of Boston he found not an army but a collection of men. He described his army "a mixed multitude of people... under very little discipline, order or government." Out of this "mixed multitude," Washington set out to create an army shaped in large part in the British image. Washington knew that discipline was the key in forging an army that could take on the British. He proved to be a rigorous disciplinarian. However, Washington always looked to the welfare of his soldiers. "Discipline is the soul of an army. It makes small numbers formidable.” George Washington.

17. EXAMPLE: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Washington knew that he could not face a disciplined and well drilled British Army without rigorous discipline. Immediately Washington insisted on respect for authority from the general to corporal. Soldiers who would not submit were punished. Washington also insisted on soldier and camp cleanliness. Washington created regiments based on the British example. 720 men in a “line” regiment in 8 companies. Problem: enlistments were short and Washington consistently was faced with short term enlistments—an army that melted away.

18. EXAMPLE: STRATEGY AND TACTICS In line with Washington’s goals and objectives was his grasp of strategy and tactics. Strategy is the coordination and directions of armies on a large scale. THE BIG PICTURE. Tactics describe the art of fighting on or near the battle field. THE IMMEDIATE PICTURE. During the American Revolution, the British Army had to win the war. For the American forces, Washington could not afford to lose the war. Washington practiced the strategic defensive. With this strategy in mind, Washington developed a strategy that would always deny the British victory by prolonging the war until British opinion would clamor for peace.

19. WASHINGTON’S STRATEGY British Advantages:Disadvantages Big Navy—control of seasupplying war Disciplined army unfamiliar territory Experienced generalsmercenaries Moneyprotracted war American Advantages The causeNo allies Familiar territoryNo money Unorthodox tactics No decisive victories Washington never let the British get between his forces and the hinterland.

20. WASHINGTON AS A MILITARY COMMANDER THE NEW YORK CAMPAIGN :SUMMER 1776 Washington’s first significant test came in mid-summer 1776. British General William Howe landed 32,000 troops on Staten Island. Washington was ordered by Congress to defend New York City. The Continental Army fortified Brooklyn Heights and lower Manhattan. August 27, 1776, British turn American left flank, Americans thrown back to Brooklyn Heights. American position untenable. Washington skillfully evacuates Long Island. September 12, 1776 Washington decides to evacuate New York City. September 15—Battle Kips Bay, British troops cross East River from Brooklyn. September 16—Battle of Harlem, British advance up East River threatening Washington’s line of communications. September 28—Battle of White Plains--American troops fight stubbornly but are driven back by the British. November 16-20—British capture Forts Washington and Lee overlooking the Hudson River. November—Washington retreats into New Jersey to save his dwindling army. Washington concluded that in a pitched European style battle the majority of American troops could not stand up to the British soldier.

21. NEW YORK CAMPAIGN Washington attempted to defend a major colonial city with an untried army. The campaign did demonstrate that he could conduct a masterful retreat, and thus saved the Continental Army.

22. TRENTON AND PRINCETON: A STRATEGY OF DESPERATION In the aftermath of the New York defeat Washington with 2400 effectives crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. After New York Washington avoided confrontations with the main British Army whenever he was able. Crossing the Delaware River on Christmas Day 1776 was more like a hit and run guerilla raid on an isolated Hessian/British outpost. The Trenton and the Battle of Princeton, a few weeks later, were minor tactical victories but major strategic victories for Washington. The desired results—it prevented the evaporation of his army; improved colonial morale; and it inspired enough veterans to reenlist and remain with the Continental Army.

23. BATTLE OF TRENTONBATTLE OF PRINCETON DECEMBER 26, 1776 JANUARY 2, 1777

24. AN EXAMINATION OF THE GENERAL’S MILITARY ABILITY Initially Washington believed that he could fight a war on the European model (set piece battle). Remember, he learned the military trade during the French and Indian War believing that he could model his American force on that of the British Army. New York was a disaster and proved that the Continental Army and militia were not as adept as the British in conducting this form of warfare. After New York, conditions forced him to adopt the strategic defensive. Trenton and Princeton were a resounding success. Washington only deviated from this strategy when forced by Congress to protect vital strategic sites—Philadelphia in 1777-78. He was a devout adherent of concentration and compensated on his army’s inferiority by attacking the enemy’s outposts and flanks. Washington was an orthodox soldier but readly adapted to unconventional and unexpected forms of warfare. As a military leader: Washington could be considered one of the Great Captains of War.

25. WASHINGTON’S FAITH : THE AMERICAN MOSES Since his death in 1799, Americans have viewed Washington as the “Father of Our Country” he has also been viewed as a Moses figure who brought Americans out from British rule and established a Promised Land or a Special Nation ordained and protected by God. In 1762, Washington was elected as a vestryman of Truro Parish, the Church of England (Anglican). Also one had to become a vestryman before one could run for the House of Burgesses. During the Revolution, Washington came to embody of everything positive about the American character. What do we know about Washington’s faith? Parson Weems relates a story about Washington kneeling in prayer at Valley Forge. However, historians do question the veracity of this story. Historians do know that Washington had a simple belief in God and complied with the ritual of the Church of England. He was not known for extraordinary zeal or active faith. Washington did have a lifelong reverence for the Bible. We do know that Washington was active throughout his life in the Protestant Episcopal Church. We also know that Washington had read and was familiar with the thinkers of the Enlightenment. “Washington had an unquestioning faith in Providence and voiced that faith on numerous occasions. That was no mere rhetorical flourish designed for public consumption.…”. Richard Pierard and Robert Linder.

27. WASHINGTON: POLITICIAN/ PRESIDENT An the conclusion of the American Revolution Washington could have seized control of the government. But, he did not. He chose to retire and let the electorate decide how the young nation was to be governed. However, during the difficult times engendered by the Articles of Confederation, Washington stood out as a symbol of unity. Washington favored scrapping the ineffective Articles of Confederation. In its place he insisted on a strong central government comprised of three branches; a legislative, an executive, and a judiciary. While a number of the delegates opposed the proposed form of government few wished to openly oppose Washington. Many feared his monumental temper. In the end Washington’s original plan was adopted. However, his view of a strong “federal head” was severely restricted. The power to tax and declare war were reserved for the legislative branch. Washington was the driving force in abolishing the impotent Articles of Confederation and replacing it with a unifying Constitution. Washington’s support for the new United States Constitution ensured ratification.

28. WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT The delegates of the Constitutional Convention designed the office of the presidency with Washington in mind. Washington was elected was the only president to receive all electoral votes. He was inaugurated on April 30, 1789 taking the oath of office. Washington deviated from the oath by adding the words “So help me God.” Washington’s presidential salary was set at $25,000.00 a year. Initially he declined the salary, however, he did agree to receive it thinking that only the very wealthy would aspire to the office. Washington did set many precedents for the presidency:

29. PILLARS OF PRESIDENTIAL POWER AND WASHINGTON’S PRECEDENTS Washington was unwilling to serve just as ceremonial figurehead. Therefore he established precedents of presidential power. 1. The president has the power to make treaties; Congress has the power of advise and consent. 2. The president has the power to make executive appointments and to discharge them. 3. The president has the borrow money on the credit of the United States. The president can also bypass Congress when spending government funds. Authorization of the Bank of the United States. 4. The president has the power to call up troops and send them into conflicts. 5. The president has the power to issue presidential proclamations and executive orders that have the power of law, 6. The president has the power to enforce the law; to combat any violation of federal law. 7. The president has the right to invoke executive privilege; Washington insisted on the boundaries fixed by the separation of powers,

30. WASHINGTON’S PRESIDENCY PRECEDENTS First president to establish a group of SME experts: the cabinet. Established the mid-level Federal Judiciary, Judiciary Act of 1789. Providing annual messages to Congress: the State of the Union. Washington served only two terms in office: precedent only broken by one president. Washington strengthened ties with Great Britain formalizing an economic treaty and persuaded Britain to remove its military forts in the Northwest Territory. Washington was not a member of a political party. After his presidency the country became factionalized. Washington used Federal forces to exert authority over states and their citizens. Washington’s administration imposed a excise tax on distilled spirits. Washington approved of the plan to locate the national capital on the banks of the Potomac River. However, he never referred to the city as Washington preferring to call it “The Federal City.”

31. THE WASHINGTON LEGACY Washington died on December 14, 1799. The cause of death was a throat infection. However, his doctors in attempting to cure him took five of his eight pints of blood, while simultaneously trying to make him vomit. Washington received a massive funeral organized by his Masonic brothers. Even Washington’s slaves were outfitted in mourning clothes. Historian Ron Chernow argued that many fearedwith the great unifier dead national unity may crumble and the country would collapse. In death Washington became a sort of “civic deity.” For example:

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33. WASHINGTON: 1840 ZEUS OLYMPIA

34. HISTORIANS VIEW WASHINGTON Military historian Russell Weigley observes that Washington was “precisely the right strategist for the American Revolution. But his cautious strategy of attrition or erosion did ensure a protracted war.” Napoleon considered Washington one of the great captains of war and honored him by placing a bust of him in his palace. Military historian Ernest Dupuy ranked Washington among Frederick the Great and Napoleon as outstanding military men of the late 18 th century. Historian Harlow G. Unger notes that Washington's legacy remains in that “Americans have lived under one constitution and gone to the polls peacefully for more than two centuries, electing forty-four presidents to office. American history has proceeded seamlessly, calmly, without violence or popular upheavals because of the stable presidential structure George Washington built.”

35. ONE FINAL NOTE One state is named after Washington 31 counties are named after Washington 71 civil townships are named after Washington Washington’s portrait is on the United States one dollar bill (tradition began in 1869). Washington’s likeness is on the United States quarter coin. Washington’s portrait is on the 1993 Cook Island’s gold $50. coin Washington’s likeness was on the 1861 Confederate $50. banknote. Washington’s likeness is also one of four presidents on Mount Rushmore.

36. MOUNT RUSHMORE

37. George Washington, Ulysses S. Grant, Dwight D. Eisenhower Men Who Transformed the Nation Militarily and Politically Part II General Ulysses S. Grant GENERALS WHO BECAME PRESIDENTS

38. THREE GENERALS—THREE PRESIDENTS Focus on: Leadership: Military/Civilian Generalmanship: Strategy and Tactics Family Innovation: Military/Civilian Character Religion Legacy : How Historians View Them

39. ULYSSES S. GRANT (1822—1885) BACKGROUND Matthew and Priscilla Grant arrived in Massachusetts aboard the John and Mary in 1630. Matthew, a surveyor by trade, was instrumental in laying out the town of Dorchester, Massachusetts. In 1635 Matthew moved his family to Toland, Connecticut. He had serious problems with theological rule in Massachusetts. From 1682-1792, Grant’s ancestors lived in Connecticut. In the 1790s,Grant’s grandfather, Noah, moved to western Pennsylvania, then in the first years of the 19 th century moved to Ohio. The gentleman had problems with indebtedness, and alcohol. Grant’s father, Jesse, lived with a number of relatives and received no formal education. Learned the tanning business finding the trade profitable. In 1821, Jesse Grant married Hannah Simpson. Hannah was a devout Methodist.

40. ULYSSES S. GRANT (1822—1885) PART II BACKGROUND As a tanner, Jesse Grant’s profession placed him on the bottom rung of the social ladder. Tanning deals with dead animals and noxious chemicals. Jesse Grant was an ardent Whig and a committed abolitionist. Ulysses S. Grant was born into this household on April 27, 1822, the eldest of the four Grant children. The sound of music physically tormented Ulysses. From his father, Ulysses learned republicanism, self-reliance, the virtue of labor, abolitionism, temperance, nativism, and truthfulness.

41. 19 TH CENTURY METHODISM Between 1770 and 1820, Methodism was the fastest growing religious denomination in the United States. Four factors responsible for the growth of the denomination: 1. Methodism offered a favorable alternative to many of the state-sponsored churches of the colonial period. 2. Methodism identified closely with the middling and lower orders of Americans who were striving to succeed economically. 3. Methodist itinerant and local preachers made the denomination accessible to large numbers of adherents located in frontier locales. 4. Methodists embraced women and African Americans, members of society traditionally excluded from active roles in the church. Grant’s mother, Hannah was a devout member of the denomination.

42. EARLY LIFE As a child Grant received a formal education, and was noted to be good in arithmetic. Showed great interest in horses and became an accomplished horseman. Grant appeared to be a restless child—wanted to get away from home often. Jesse Grant wanted his son to succeed—wrangled an appointment to the Military Academy at West Point. West Point was free and it appeared to provide a secure future for his son.

43. WEST POINT In 1839, Grant arrived at West Point. He was seventeen years old, weighed 117 lbs, and was 5’1” tall. While at West Point Grant name changed: born Ulysses Hiram Grant; the appointment read Ulysses Simpson Grant. From that point on he identified with the latter. Academically, Grant excelled in mathematics and did less well with French. Grant spent much of his leisure time reading the novels of James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, and Frederick Marryat. Grant graduated from West Point in 1843, 21 st in a class of 39. Despite his love for horses, he was assigned to the infantry. At best, Grant was a mediocre student. During his time at West Point Grant had few close friends.

44. JULIA DENT/GRANT Grant’s first military assignment after graduating from West Point was with the 4 th Infantry Regt. at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. Posted along with Grant was his West Point roommate Frederick Dent. Dent’s family lived near the post at White Haven, Missouri. There Grant met, following an old American tradition, and married Dent’s sister Julia. The Dent family came to Missouri in the 1820s, and settled south of St. Louis. Julia’s mother hated White Haven, thinking the farm beneath her station. Her father was described as a “lazy old codger.” Physically, Julia was stumpy. One observer noted “she had more neck than chin.” Julia also suffered from strabismus. Julia loved fishing, riding, and reading novels. A perfect match for Grant. Grant courted Julia, became engaged (4 years), and married Julia in August 1848.

45. THE MEXICAN/AMERICAN WAR 1846-1847 THE EVOLUTION OF A MILITARY MIND Tensions with Mexico prompted Grant’s transfer to Louisiana as part of General Zachary Taylor’s 3000 man Army of Observation. Hostilities broke out in 1846, and Grant participated in the opening battles of Resaca de La Palma and Monterrey. During the opening phases of the war a strategic/political debate was occurring in Washington. President Polk, a Democrat, was not anxious to make General Taylor, a Whig, a war hero. It was therefore decided that General Winfield Scott undertake a campaign from Vera Cruz overland to Mexico City. Forces were taken from Taylor’s Army and dispatched to Scott’s. Grant was among the soldiers transferred. At the time Grant was assigned to the Quartermaster branch, but was allowed to participate in combat. During the action at Chapultepec, Grant displayed uncommon valor and ingenuity. It was during the Mexican American War that Grant begins to reveal his thoughts on prosecuting war. Grant discounts his peers infatuation with Napoleon’s glorification of battle. Grant thought that Scott’s battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec were unnecessary. Tactically maneuver could have produced similar results causing Mexican forces to evacuate those positions with less loss of life. Grant did not like battle. However, Grant did accept the Napoleonic strategy of annihilation of the enemy. But thought it much more efficient through maneuver and concentration of mass. Early in his military career, Grant realized that in a modern age winning wars through decisive battle was no longer feasible.

46. MILITARY POSTINGS: GRANT AND ALCHOLISM Grant marries Julia in 1848 pondering whether to resign from the Army. Following the Mexican/American War Grant was posted to Sacketts Harbor, New York, and to Fort Vancouver, Washington. Life away from family on isolated frontier posts caused many American military officers to drink in excess. It was at this period in life that rumors of Grant’s heavy drinking begin to surface. Despite popular belief Grant rarely drank alcohol excessively. Throughout his life, he practiced temperance with varying degrees of success. Before the Mexican War, Grant rarely drank alcohol. Companions said that even during the Mexican War Grant drank sparingly and “never drank to excess nor indulged in the profligacy so common in Mexico.” Only when Grant was assigned to garrison duty after the Mexican War did he begin to drink excessively. Apparently, the long separations from wife and family caused him to turn to the bottle. In 1851, Grant was posted to the Army garrison at Sackets Harbor, New York. Sackets Harbor was an out of the way post and many soldiers escaped from the boredom of camp life by drinking. Grant, who up to this time was a moderate drinker, began to be pushed into addiction. It was at this time that Julia urged her husband to enroll in a Temperance union. Grant not only attended the meetings regularly but even took part in many of the group’s activities. Shortly after he joined the society Grant noted “There is no safety from the ruin of liquor except by abstaining from it altogether.” As long as Julia was around, Ulysses abstained from alcohol. However, Grant’s posting on the Pacific Coast in 1852, pushed him back into drinking heavily. Noted Civil War Historian Bruce Catton observes, “The well-meaning defenders of Captain Sam Grant chalk up his aberration to being lonely for his wife and not busy enough in Oregon to be challenged.”

47. A SOLDIER BETWEEN WARS In July 1854, Captain Ulysses S. Grant resigned from the Army. Long separations from his family and soured business ventures drove him to depression. In 1856, Grant had built his growing family a home and tilled the land given to him by his father-in-law—Hardscrabble. During this time Grant supplemented his meager income by selling fire wood in St. Louis. 1858—Grant gives up farming, works as a bill collector in St. Louis, and then, in 1860 begins working at his father’s leather business in Galena, Illinois. Grant was bedeviled by the belief that his life was a failure.

48. GRANT: A PORTRAIT OF FAILURE Like his father before him, the prospect of failure continually haunted Grant. Jesse Grant had struggled to establish himself on the Ohio frontier and he had fought to maintain his position in his community. Moreover, Jesse had instilled in all of his children the will to succeed, but self-doubts always tormented Grant. He believed that he did not measure up to his own self-expectations. Grant neither succeeds as a farmer nor as a businessman. Examples: 1. 1852--While posted in California at Fort Vancouver Grant entered into partnership with Elijah Camp taking notes for $1500.00 2. 1852--While posted in California Grant attempted to grow potatoes on the banks of the Columbia River. 3. 1857—The Panic of 1857 caused farm prices to plummet—Grant abandons Hardscrabble. 4. 1860—Grant works at a rent collector for the firm of Harry Boggs and fails. 5. 1861—Grant works as a clerk for his father’s leather concern.

49. CIVIL WAR AND REDEMPTION Shells fired by South Carolinian militia at Federal Fort Sumter in April of 1861 led to President Abraham Lincoln’s call for 75,000 volunteers. The American Civil War had begun. The call for soldiers far exceeded the available pool of qualified officers needed. Grant, West Point trained, volunteered and was ultimately given command of a regiment of Illinois infantry. His arrival at his new regiment was uneventful. A small man in dingy civilian clothes. However, change came rapidly. Grant dismissed unruly camp guards, organized a system of roll calls, instituted regular drills, and established discipline.

50. THE CIVIL WAR: THE LINCOLN PARAMETERS The American Civil War was the world’s first modern war. Early in the conflict President Lincoln realized that the North had to conquer the South. Lincoln also realized that he had only a finite amount of time in which to subdue the South. Strategically, the North must conquer and occupy the South. The North’s manpower and economic resources were superior to that of the South’s. Union had a population of 23 million; the South 9 million (3.5 million were slaves). Furthermore, industrialization released greater percentages of manpower to the fighting fronts.

51. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES DURING THE CIVIL WAR UNION: BLUE CONFEDERATE: RED The Combatants Union Troops Mobilized 2.1 million Confederate Troops Mobilized 880,000

52. THE MILITARY GENIUS OF ULYSSES S. GRANT (PART I) At West Point, Grant was never enthusiastic about Napoleon’s concept of decisive battle. Napoleon believed that a decisive victory that led to the destruction of the enemy’s army would cause that enemy to sue for peace. Grant, unlike other Union generals, did not subscribe to the notion that the defeat of Confederate General Lee and capture of Richmond would cause the collapse of the South. Grant firmly believed that war in the mid 19 th century had changed radically in the fifty years since Napoleon. Grant’s view of the modern conduct of war coincided with Lincoln’s perceptions of war.

53. THE MILITARY GENIUS OF ULYSSES S. GRANT (PART II) Grant throughout the war demonstrated 2 am courage. This is the ability to make positive decision in the midst of adversity. Grant as a military man experienced no self-doubts about what the enemy was up to and always continued with his plan of operation. Grant always went into action with what he had on hand. Grant’s battle philosophy was “fight him, fight him again, and move on.” Grant was not a theorist, but he clearly understood that the Civil War was different from all previous wars. Grant command style was to outline the grand plan and then let his subordinates implement the strategy. Grant developed his subordinates skills such as William Sherman and Philip Sheridan.

54. GENERAL GEORGE MEADE’S ASSESSMENT OF GRANT “Grant is not a mighty genius, but he was upright and honest with great force of character. His unflinching tenacity was an outstanding quality, but it required judgement to control it lest it become costly bull-headed stubbornness.” “But he was the best man the war produced.” General George Meade “Old Baldy” the victor of Gettysburg

55. SHILOH: APRIL 6-7, 1862 THE PAINFUL LESSON On the morning of April 6, Grant’s army is surprised by an early morning surprise attack by the Confederates under Albert Sidney Johnson. Grant is clearly taken off guard. Most of his army performs amateurishly. However, Grant calm composure and refusal to admit to defeat turns a probably rout into a costly victory. Grant’s subordinates perform superbly—a must for an inexperienced army. The green infantry and artillery do well. The medical corps is overwhelmed by the bloodshed.

56. SHILOH, DAY ONE APR. 6 SHILOH, DAY TWO APR. 7

57. SHILOH—THE MISTAKES Grant made several series mistakes during the Shiloh campaign. Grant prepared no defensive works and his troops were camped helter-skelter around a small church (Shiloh Meetinghouse). Grant conducted no active patrolling while deep in enemy territory. Although the previous day reports of an enemy buildup were dismissed. Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnson was able to collect troops from far away as Louisiana and Florida. Complete surprise was achieved by the Confederate forces. Grant also failed to pusue the defeated Confederates after the battle.

58. GRANT’S GREATEST CAMPAIGN: VICKSBURG The strategy of the Vicksburg Campaign; Grant realized that Vicksburg was one of the most important strategic positions the South held. Vicksburg interdicted northern navigation down the Mississippi River. Cattle, horses, and supplies from Confederate territory west of the Mississippi crossed at this vital point. Northern railroad supply lines were threatened by Confederate bushwhackers and guerillas that operated out of the Vicksburg area. The campaign taught Grant three valuable lessons—live off the land base himself on the Mississippi rather than depending on the vulnerable railroad lines, and depend on joint Army Navy cooperation.

59. Mississippi River Campaign, 1861-63 Campaign to Secure Missouri, 1861-62 Operations against Chattanooga, 1861-62 Red River Campaign, 1864 Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, 1864 Sherman's Savannah Campaign (March to the Sea), 1864 Sherman's Carolinas Campaign 1865

60. MASTER OF THE ART OF WAR Grant’s Vicksburg campaign, which lasted from the autumn 1862 into the summer of 1863, was a model of persistent long range planning. The plan was not inflexible—too many variables to consider. Grant’s plan had a defined strategic goal—the opening of the Mississippi. Against great obstacles the plan incurred remarkably low casualties. Despite many set backs Grant was able to place troops on dry ground on the Vicksburg side of the Mississippi. Between May 1 and 19, 1863, Grant’s army marched 180 miles, fought five battles, split the Confederate forces opposing him in two, clamped Vicksburg under siege, while inflicting 7000 enemy casualties while incurring only 4000 of his own.

61. MASTER OF THE ART OF WAR (PART II) On the night of April 16-17, 1863 he marched is army on the western bank while Navy gunboats ran the gauntlet of Vicksburg’s guns. Grant’s cavalry kept the Confederate occupied by launching a deep raid into Mississippi. Grant was able to cross the river downstream from Vicksburg Grant cut his army off from his line of communications, marching eastward intercepting Joseph Johnston’s Confederate relief force. With this bold maneuver, Grant was able to besiege the Confederate garrison of Vicksburg forcing its surrender on July 4,1863. The Mississippi was now open to Union forces and the Confederacy was effectively cut in half.

62. During the War in the West, Grant worked together with a number of talented naval commanders such as David Dixon Porter and Andrew Foote. Together they achieved a high degree of army/navy cooperation. In the western theatre rivers; the Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland were strategic highways and supplied the Confederacy with cotton, grain, iron, and horses and mules.

63. GRANT’S FAITH Ulysses S. Grant was born into this Methodist household but never baptized. Curiously, all of the other four Grant children were baptized and were frequent churchgoer. Hannah Grant, however, did impress on her eldest son the importance of the Sabbath. Although Grant was never a member of any religious denomination, he did believe in fundamental Christian beliefs. Grant considered his resignation from the army in 1854, as his most providential experience. At that time his future looked bleak with little possibility of promotion in the army. “If I had staid [sic] in the army I would still have been a Captain on frontier duty at the outbreak of the war and would thus have been deprived of the right to offer my services voluntarily to the country. That opportunity shaped my future.”

64. GRANT’S FAITH (PART II) Many biographers commented that Grant entertained simple religious beliefs. One reason for this assumption is that Grant infrequently spoke about religion. Grant was an introspective person and rarely shared his private thoughts with other individuals. Grant also believed that, among Americans, Christianity was the ideal religion for its citizens. He believed that while Americans had no State religion, “and this is as it should be” the Protestant Churches of the United States safeguarded the nation’s liberties. his wife Julia and his daughter were both committed Methodists. His sister, Mary was also an adherent of the denomination and ended up in 1863 marrying Michael J. Cramer, a Methodist minister. It was not until doctors diagnosed Grant’s terminal cancer that he began to seriously consider joining the Methodist Church For most of his life, Ulysses S. Grant was not a member of any specific religious denomination. However, he did believe in core Christian beliefs.

65. GRANT AS PRESIDENT Many historians consider Grant’s presidency to be a failure. However, Grant as president achieved some notable and innovative policies. Grant appointed Ely S. Parker, a Seneca Indian, the first Native American to be Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Grant’s Indian policy was based not only on a pragmatic political plan of action but also on his genuine desire for a just and moral peace between whites and Native Americans. Politically, a lasting peace with the Indians would save millions of dollars of taxpayers’ money. This would open up the possibility to send garrison troops home, abandon military forts, and assimilate Christianized Indians into American society. However, after the Custer debacle of 1876, the public demanded a harsher policy toward the Native Americans and Grant’s humanitarian policy was abandoned.

66. GRANT AS PRESIDENT Grant was sympathetic to the plight of Jews in Europe and was the first president to actively champion human rights. Grant carried on a policy of protecting African Americans in the former Confederate states although their new found rights were slow to be implemented. Grant championed the ratification of the 15 th Amendment that: Theprohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's “race color previous condition of servitude." It was ratified on February 3, 1870. The Justice Department was created specifically to enforce federal laws in the South. Grant ordered the department to arrest Ku Klux Klan members who deprived African Americans of their constitutional rights. Grant was not reluctant to send federal troops into the south to enforce Reconstruction laws.

67. GRANT AS PRESIDENT: FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND SCANDALS Grant successful resolved the “Alabama" dispute with Great Britain. The Grant administration also successfully averted a war with Spain over the “Virginius” affair. Grant also improved strategic and economic ties with the sovereign state of Hawaii. Grant took steps to return the nation's currency to a more secure footing. During the Civil War the Union printed massive amounts of paper money—Grant preferred putting the nation back on the gold standard. However, Grant’s second term was plagued by scandals within his administration. Grant was trusting and had difficulty in spotting corruption in others. Scandals were uncovered in the Treasury Department, bribery in the War and Navy Department, and corruption in the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

68. GRANT’S DEATH AND HIS MEMOIRS In the summer of 1884, Grant complained of a soreness in his throat, but put off seeing a doctor until late October where he finally learned it was cancer of the throat and tongue. Before he died on July 23, 1885, Grant completed a two volume edition of his memoirs. This enabled his family to become financially secure. Grant finished the memoirs three days before he died, despite a weakened condition and great pain. The memoirs are considered one of the finest works of military history. The memoirs are on the Center of Military History’s Chief of Staff of the Army’s Professional Reading List.

69. GRANT’S MEMOIRS/ CRITICAL ACCLAIM Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant / / New York: Modern Library, 1999. “A classic and honest study by one of America’s greatest generals, this is one of the finest autobiographies of a military commander ever written. It has valuable insights into leadership and command that apply to all levels and in all times. Grant’s resiliency under almost unimaginable stress during critical junctures of America’s most bloody war makes him a fascinating and human case study of the “epitomized” soldier.”

70. GRANT’S NEW YORK FUNERAL GRANT’S TOMB

71. THE GRANT LEGACY As a military commander, Grant always focused on the ultimate objective. He rejected the glorification of the decisive Napoleonic battle. Follow the enemy, and never let up. Aim for the destruction of the enemy’s armies. Grant made war on the enemy’s economic base, i.e. Georgia and the Shenandoah Valley. As a president, Grant believed in the supremacy of the Legislative branch. Grant believed in a solid commitment to African and Native Americans. Grant’s disdain for politics may have been the cause of the widespread corruption that plagued his presidency. However, Grant was honest. Grant was also instrumental overseeing changes in the Federal Government’s Civil Service program.

72. TEN FACTS YOU MAY NOT HAVE KNOWN ABOUT ULYSSES S. GRANT 10. Grant narrowly missed Lincoln’s assassination Grant had been invited to go to Ford theater with President Lincoln but he and his wife Julia decided to travel to New Jersey to visit their children instead. Had he attended, he may have been a target as well. 9. Both of Grant’s parents witnessed his presidency It may not seem like a big deal today, but Ulysses Grant was the first president to have both his parents living as he entered office. 8. Grant couldn’t stand the sight of blood Although he witnessed some of the bloodiest battles in history, Grant could not stand the sight of blood. Rare steak nauseated him and he was known to cook his meat to the point of charring. 7. Grant graduated from West Point Grant was one of only three presidents to graduate from a military academy. He graduated from West Point in 1843.

73. TEN FACTS YOU MAY NOT HAVE KNOWN ABOUT ULYSSES S. GRANT 6. Grant was a cigar lover Grant used around seven to ten cigars a day, although many of them he did not smoke, chewing on them instead. After a reporter wrote that Grant liked cigars, people began to send them to him as gifts. He received over 20,000, which may have contributed to his throat cancer. 5. Grant made a deal with Mark Twain After his presidency, Grant lost all his savings to a shady investment partner, leaving his family with nearly nothing. At the time, presidents were not given pensions and Grant had already forfeited his military pension when he became president. Mark Twain offered Grant a generous deal to write his memoirs and while terminally ill with cancer, Grant finished just days before his death. The memoirs sold over 300,000 copies and earned his family over $450,000. In 1958, Congress passed legislation establishing a pension for presidents. 4. Grant’s Tomb is record setting The body of Ulysses S. Grant lies in Riverside Park in New York City. He is buried beside his wife in Grant’s Tomb, the largest mausoleum in North America.

74. TEN FACTS YOU MAY NOT HAVE KNOWN ABOUT ULYSSES S. GRANT 3. Ulysses S. Grant is not his real name President Grant’s real name was Hiram Ulysses Grant. At the age of 17, he secured a nomination to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point through his Congressman, Thomas Hamer. Apparently confused with Grant’s mothers maiden name of Simpson, Hamer mistakenly nominated him as Ulysses S. Grant. The academy would not accept any name other than what was on the nomination form so Grant adopted the new name as his own. Contrary to what some may believe, the S. does not stand for anything at all. 2. Grant was a compassionate man When Grant accepted the surrender of Confederate forces by his rival Robert E. Lee in April 1865, he generously allowed Confederate soldiers to retain their weapons and horses and return to their homes. Grant’s wife’s family were slave owners and Grant himself owned a slave named William Jones, given to him by his father-in-law. At a time when Grant could have badly used the money from selling Jones, he signed a document that freed him instead. 1. Grant liked life in the fast lane As president, Grant received a speeding ticket by a police officer who failed to recognize him. He was fined for driving his horse too fast through the streets of D.C.

75. LAST IMPRESSIONS

76. George Washington, Ulysses S. Grant, Dwight D. Eisenhower Men Who Transformed the Nation Militarily and Politically Part II General Ulysses S. Grant GENERALS WHO BECAME PRESIDENTS

77. THREE GENERALS—THREE PRESIDENTS Focus on: Leadership: Military/Civilian Generalmanship: Strategy and Tactics Family Innovation: Military/Civilian Character Religion Legacy : How Historians View Them

78. THE EISENHOWERS The first Eisenhowers arrived in America around 1740 and settled in an area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Originally, Dwight Eisenhower’s early ancestors were Mennonites. However the early Eisnehowers broke with the Mennonites and followed a group known as the “River Brethren.” These families were industrious farmers. In 1878, many of the “River Brethren” moved west and resettled in Kansas. The Kansas denomination contained two pastors; one of whom was Jacob Eisenhower who settled in Dickinson County and homesteaded on 160 acres. Jacob had a son named David –David did not want to become a farmer!

79. DAVID EISENHOWER, IKE’S FATHER David did not want to be a farmer and persuaded his father to send him to study engineering at Lane University in Lecompton, Kansas. David did not learn engineering—he met a 17 year old beauty from Stanton, Virginia named Ida Stover. Ida was Lutheran, not “River Brethren” but she was German. Ida also had early memories of living in the Shenandoah Valley when Union General Philip Sheridan devastated the region. Ida know one thing about the military—”it was Satan.”

80. DAVID AND IDA LESSONS IN PARENTING David Eisenhower was not a successful farmer, general store co-owner, railroad engine wiper, or refrigerator repairman. He was a restless man—his spiritual wanderings drifted from “River Brethren to Baptist, to Methodist, to Jehovah Witness even breaking with them before he died. David was fascinated by the Great Pyramid and believed in their mystical power. David had a fearsome temper and would savagely beat his children. Ida, was the rock of the family. She made their home on 201 South East Fourth Street in Abilene self sufficient. Ida took care of her seven boys and taught them the value of hard work and self sufficiency, manly courage, and fair play. Abilene was also the place where a lively and intelligent young man was likely to think about leaving.

81. DWIGHT DAVID EISENHOWER. 1890-1969 Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890, in Denison, Texas, the third of seven boys. In 1892, the family moved to Abilene, Kansas, which Eisenhower considered his home town. As a boy Ike enjoyed outdoor sports such as hunting and fishing. He also enjoyed cooking and playing cards. Ike like the rest of his brothers were mischievous. Eisenhower attended Abilene High School and graduated with the class of 1909. As a freshman, he injured his knee and developed a leg infection that extended into his groin, and which his doctor diagnosed as life-threatening. The doctor insisted that the leg be amputated but Dwight refused to allow it, and miraculously recovered, though he had to repeat his freshman year

82. WEST POINT 1911-1915 In 1911, Dwight Eisenhower obtained an appointment to the United States Military Academy, West Point. Ike was a good student but not a spectacular one. He enjoyed sports and played for the Academy’s football and baseball team. In 1912, he seriously injured his knee during a game. As a cadet, Ike enjoyed pranks. In 1915, Eisenhower graduated 125 th in a class of 169. The Class of 1915 was titled “the class the stars fell on,” as 59 of the cadets achieved general officer rank. It was at West Point that Eisenhower began to smoke.

83. MARRIAGE AND ARMY LIFE After graduation, Ike was posted to Texas where he met and fell in love with Mamie Geneva Doud. (six years his junior). They were married in July 1916. Their first child, a son, Doud Dwight (Icky), was born in September 1917 but died at the age of 3. A second son, John, was born in 1922 when Ike was stationed in Denver. John followed his father’s career in the Army, graduating from West Point on June 6, 1944. During the interwar time period, Ike and Mamie moved many times serving in France, Panama, Texas, Washington D.C., and the Philippines.

84. EISENHOWER’S PERSONALITY Throughout his life, Ike looked like a soldier—he stood erect and he held his head high. Ike had a monumental temper—when angry his face would become flush and he could swear. He spoke earnestly and was forthright, but was the consummate diplomat. He chained smoked—four packs of unfiltered Camels a day. Eisenhower was much like Grant in that he favored constant attack and not letting up on the enemy. Militarily, Eisenhower had a mass production mentality in military strategy—let artillery and air power smash the enemy before sending American boys into the fight.

85. EISENHOWER’S FAITH Eisenhower’s father, David, was raised as a child in faith of the “River Brethren. He then drifted to Baptist, to Methodist, and finally to “Watch Tower Society” (Jehovah Witness). His mother was raised as a Lutheran. Some sources report that she also became a member of the “Watch Tower Society.” Historians David Ambrose and Geoffrey Perret report that Ike, during his time in the Army, was not affiliated with any denomination. However, Ike did have a close relationship with his mother. In later years, Eisenhower was baptized, confirmed, and became a communicant in the Presbyterian church in a single ceremony on February 1, 1953 In his retirement years, he was a member of the Gettysburg Presbyterian Church in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

86. EARLY INFLUENCES ON EISENHOWER’S LIFE: GEORGE S. PATTON During World War I, Patton, as a young major, commanded the AEF’s 1 st Tank Brigade, the American Army’s largest and only tank unit in France. Eisenhower, during the war, was not sent overseas. Instead, as a successful organizer and trainer, Ike commanded the Army’s Heavy Tank Brigade at Camp Colt, Pennsylvania. After the war, both men were assigned command of the Army’s two tank brigades. Patton commanded a brigade of light tanks and Eisenhower commanded the heavy brigade. Patton believed that in a future war, Eisenhower would be Robert E. Lee, while Patton would assume the role as Ike’s Stonewall Jackson. Running parallel with armored warfare thinkers such as Britain’s J.F.C.Fuller, France’s Charles De Gaulle, and Germany’s Heinz Guderian, Patton and Eisenhower submitted articles to the Army’s Infantry Journal that offered a radical departure to the Army’s current Armor doctrine. Both men fell afoul of senior Army leadership.

87. EARLY INFLUENCES ON EISENHOWER’S LIFE: FOX CONNER Patton’s influence on Eisenhower’s life was significant but Brigadier General Fox Connor’s contribution was direct and greatly assisted Ike’s development as a soldier. In 1920, Ike met General Fox Connor. During World War I Connor was a member of General Pershing’s staff. After the war, Connor became Pershing’s Operations Officer (G-3). Connor was impressed with Eisenhower and asked that he accompany him to Panama. Ike was not immediately released from his assignment in the Tank Corps, but did join Connor one year later in Panama. There Connor encouraged Eisenhower to study military history and mentored him. Ike was a mediocre student at West Point.

88. EARLY INFLUENCES ON EISENHOWER’S LIFE: JOHN J. PERSHING Soon after Ike graduated for the Command and General Staff College in 1926, he was assigned to the staff of General John J. Pershing (ret.) who headed the American Battle Monuments Commission. The commission was tasked with writing the guidebook of American battlefields in France during World War I. Ike’s work was noticed by Pershing. It was also noticed by a young member of Pershing’s World War I staff, Colonel George Marshall, who remembered Eisenhower long after the completion of the American Battle Monuments Commission’s work.

89. EISENHOWER AND MACARTHUR In the early 1930s, Ike served on the staff of General Douglas MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff. MacArthur’s relationship with Ike was cordial. MacArthur appreciated the amount of work he could pile on the young major. In 1935, MacArthur was assigned to the Philippines to prepare the Filipino’s for independence scheduled for 1946. MacArthur suggested that Ike become chief of staff of the military mission. By 1937, the cordial relationship between the general and the major began to fray. At issue: 1.The state of the Philippine Army. 2.Philippine rank bestowed on American officers. 3.Budgetary issues. Even though it was an unhappy time for Ike, he did learn how to form an army from scratch.

90. EISENHOWER’S STRATEGIC THOUGHT Shortly after the United States entered World War II, Eisenhower was assigned to be chief of the War Plans Division (Operations Division), known as the “brains” of the Army, In this capacity Ike was tasked by George Marshall to prepare a report for the President and Combined Chiefs of Staff (the American and British Armies) on the strategic direction of the war. Question 1: “What are the vital tasks that must be performed by the United Nations in order to avoid defeat? Eisenhower answered: to secure the North American citadel, maintain England, assist Russia to stay in the war and secure the Indian-Middle East position. Question 2: “Where would could an eventual offensive be launched that would do the most toward defeating the Axis powers? Eisenhower answered: an attack through Western Europe! However there was a distinct problem!

92. ATTACK THROUGH EUROPE There was a significant shortage of ships. An attack through Western Europe would have to involve the shortest possible sea lanes. Furthermore, sea lanes to England needed to be maintained in order to feed the British population. Sea lanes were vital to the shipment of men and equipment to England in preparation for a future attack on Western Europe. The United States was required to immediately begin a buildup of air and ground forces on the island nation. No where else in Europe, but England were there adequate airfields to handle large numbers of aircraft. Other issues to be considered—Russia was subjected to significant pressure by German forces—BLUF, Russia required immediate Allied relief. Another issue, there was a war on in the Pacific—and the demand for men, ships, aircraft, and equipment was also essential. An yet, another issue, Britain would have to keep large portions of their forces in England to prepare for the projected invasion.

93. EISENHOWER AND GEORGE MARSHALL A WAR WINNING COMBINATION Throughout the war in Europe, Eisenhower was not a battlefield commander. Unlike Washington and Grant, Eisenhower never commanded armies in the field. Eisenhower plotted grand strategy and facilitated the disparate allies to function as a team. Marshall and Eisenhower shared the same perspective on the war; there was a determination to prosecute the war against Germany first. Initial plans consisted of: BOLERO—a buildup of American troops in England. The second step: ROUNDUP—a major invasion of Western Europe scheduled for the summer of 1943.

94. EISENHOWER AND GEORGE MARSHALL A WAR WINNING COMBINATION (PART II) In the summer of 1942, among the western Allies there was great concern that the Russians would collapse—therefore SLEDGEHAMMER was proposed—a cross Channel invasion to establish a bridgehead in France. However, Britain opposed SLEDGEHAMMER and Roosevelt acquiesced. American troops would see action against Germany but it would not be in Europe. North Africa would be the target and an American would command the operation. Operation Torch, November 1943—the invasion of North Africa and Ike was slated to command it. Marshall expressed extreme confidence in Ike. Eisenhower was 51 years old but considered “the kid general.”

95. OPERATION TORCH Anglo-American invasion of North Africa Commander in Chief Dwight D. Eisenhower Deputy Commander in Chief MG Mark Clark MG George Patton MG Lloyd Fredendall MG Charles Ryder

96. DIVERGENCE: EISENHOWER AND MARSHALL In May 1943, Axis forces in North Africa were defeated. However, d iscussion and planning between British and American leaders on the next operation had begun prior to the Allied victory in Africa. Churchill (the British) pushed for an invasion of Sicily, which was opposed by Marshall. Churchill brought Ike into the discussions without Marshall’s initial knowledge. ROUNDUP was deemed impossible for 1943. Roosevelt concurred and Operation Husky (the invasion of Sicily) was set for mid-summer 1943. Husky consisted of a thirty-eight day campaign. Tactically, the campaign was inconclusive; strategically it was a stunning victory for the Allies. The campaign triggered the fall of the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini. The great takeaway is that Eisenhower, the Theater Commander began to have a strategic vision at variance with his boss George Marshall.

97. THE CREATION OF SHAEF (SUPREME HEADQUARTERS ALLIED EXPEDITIONARY FORCE) In December 1943, Ike transferred his command back to England and SHAEF was created SHAEF was the principal instrument in the planning and execution of the invasion of Western Europe. The initial Allied landing forces would be commanded by British General Bernard L. Montgomery. When Allied buildup was sufficient, Eisenhower would transfer his HQ to France and Montgomery would revert to commanding only the British forces. American General Omar Bradley would then command the U.S. forces. When a sizeable foothold in France was achieved General George S. Patton’s Third Army would be brought into the campaign. Eisenhower would remain commander of the entire Allied Expeditionary Force in Western Europe.

98. THE LIBERATION OF WESTERN EUROPE STRATEGY OF THE BROAD FRONT Both American and British planners intended to adhere to the original pre- OVERLORD plan to advance on both sides of the Ardennes. Ike insisted that the broad front approach “takes advantage of all existing lines of communication in the advance toward Germany.” The plan’s conception would ensure the complete defeat of the German armies. The only variables in this method of operation would be speed, and the availability of air support and supply. It was imperative that Channel ports be captured quickly in order to supply the broad front approach. However, the speed in which the Allied armies advanced in August and September astonished the Allies. Logistically, the broad front strategy was hamstrung by the lack of available ports close to the front lines.

100. EISENHOWER DILEMMA : THE SINGLE THRUST STRATEGY VS THE BROAD FRONT As the Allied armies moved across France proponents of two different strategies began to emerge. The swift Allied advance across France in the Summer/Autumn of 1944 prompted optimism that the war would soon be over. British General Bernard L. Montgomery favored a single thrust strategy. Eisenhower, however, favored a broad front strategy in which numerous Allied armies would hammer the Germans. Montgomery insisted he had a war winning plan that involved a single thrust. Eisenhower, in the name of Allied unity approved Montgomery’s single thrust plan to place Allied troops over the Rhine and into the heart of Germany. The plan was called “Operation Market Garden,” the plan was bold but very risky.

101. MARKET GARDEN: THE GREAT MISTAKE ! The plan envisioned three airborne divisions to parachute into enemy held territory and seize six bridges. A British Armor Corps would then race up a single road relieving the airborne units. The plan was a disaster resulting in the destruction of the 1 st British Airborne Army. After Market Garden, the Allies reverted back to the broad front strategy. Broad Front Strategy The port of Antwerp needed to be captured in order to allow much needed supplies to flow to the front. Furthermore, renewed concentration of German forces created a stalemate at the front. Eisenhower firmly believed that if he had allowed Montgomery his single thrust—British forces would have had to dissipate its forces in flank protection thereby weakening the drive. If Eisenhower had allowed Montgomery the single thrust it would have deprived American units further south the power of helping him.

102. OPERATION MARKET GARDEN SEPTEMBER 17- 25, 1944

103. WINNING THE WAR Fortunately for the Allies, the Germans’ opportunity to pause and regroup and the resurgence of their power was squandered by Hitler in a desperate strategic gamble. Hitler planned an offensive in which he would split the Western Allied coalition against him. The German Ardennes Offensive in mid December 1944 was Hitler’s last gamble. During the subsequent Battle of the Bulge the Americans suffered 77,000 casualties, the Germans admitted to losing 90,000 men and hundreds of irreplaceable tanks, vehicles, and aircraft. With the Germans exhausted, the Allies were within 60 days of the conclusion of the Bulge Campaign were able to cross the Rhine River and drive into Germany.

104. THE PRESIDENCY OF DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Eisenhower became president in 1952 defeating Adlai Stevenson in a landslide victory. Ike, during his first year in office worked to contain the spread of communism and reduce the federal budget. He also brought about the end of the Korean War by threatening to use nuclear weapons. Eisenhower was also instrumental in advocating nuclear deterrence in Western Europe. This was considered a less expensive method of defending Europe against possible Soviet aggression. During his administration, Eisenhower refused to send American troops to assist the French in Vietnam. He did, however, employ American airpower assisting the French during Operation Castor (Battle of Dien Bien Phu). Ike in 1955, along with bipartisan support, approved the Formosa Resolution that guaranteed American military support for Taiwan.

105. THE PRESIDENCY OF DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (PART II) In 1957, the Eisenhower administration authorized the creation of NASA, America’s space program. This was in response to the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite. Ike, condemned the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary but took no action. Eisenhower also condemned the Anglo/French attack on Suez and forced the withdrawal of Israeli, British, and French forces from Egypt. Toward the end of his presidency, Ike sent 15,000 U.S. troops into Lebanon to prevent the fall of the pro-Western government.

106. SIGNIFICANT ACHIEVEMENTS OF IKE’S PRESIDENCY Ike covertly destroyed the McCarthyism that destroyed the careers of many public servants. Eisenhower expanded the use of Executive Privilege, notably his refusal to turn over notes of meetings between his administration and Army senior leaders. Eisenhower was a moderate conservative but did continue New Deal programs and expanded Social Security. Except for the recession of 1957-1958, under Eisenhower American’s continued an era of post-World War II prosperity.

107. GOLF AND PAINTING No examination of Eisenhower would be complete without a discussion of his hobbies. Eisenhower was a golf enthusiast later in life, and joined the Augusta National Gulf Club in 1948 He played golf frequently during and after his presidency and was unreserved in expressing his passion for the game, to the point of golfing during winter. After golf, oil painting was Eisenhower's second hobby. His favorite movie was Angels in the Outfield and he enjoyed novels, notably western novels as Zane Grey was one of his favorite authors,

108. TEN THINGS YOU MAY NOT KNOW ABOUT IKE 1. His birth name was David Dwight Eisenhower. Eisenhower’s parents originally gave him the same first name as his father—David. However, the future president’s mother, Ida, soon had second thoughts. She didn’t want her boy mistakenly called David Eisenhower Jr. (his father, David Jacob Eisenhower, had a different middle name) or deal with the confusion of having two Davids in the house, so she transposed his name to Dwight David Eisenhower. His original birth name, however, remained inked in the family Bible and was printed in his high school yearbook2. 2. Eisenhower never saw active combat Although he spent 35 years in the military and served during both world wars, Eisenhower never saw a single day of active combat. After graduating from the U.S. Military Academy in 1915, he served at various camps across the United States. Eisenhower requested an overseas assignment when America entered World War I, but he remained in training roles at home. By the time the United States entered World War II more than two decades later, Eisenhower had risen to become one of America’s top generals. He eventually was appointed supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe.mained inked in the family Bible and was printed in his high school yearbook.

109. TEN THINGS YOU MAY NOT KNOW ABOUT IKE 3. Camp David is named after his grandson. Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman originally called the Maryland presidential retreat, which opened in 1938, “Shangri-La” after the fictional Himalayan paradise. Eisenhower, however, wanted a less formal moniker so he renamed it in 1953 in honor of his 5-year-old grandson, David. “Shangri-La was just a little fancy for a Kansas farm boy,” he wrote in a 1953 letter to friend Edward “Swede” Hazlett. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, who was brought by Eisenhower to the retreat, thought it sounded like a place where “stray dogs were sent to die,” but President John F. Kennedy and all subsequent chief executives have kept the name. 4. Eisenhower banished the White House’s squirrels because they were ruining his putting green. In the spring of 1954, the American Public Golf Association installed an outdoor putting green just steps away the Oval Office. To the dismay of Eisenhower, who was an avid golfer, the squirrels who roamed the White House grounds continually dug up the putting green to bury their acorns and walnuts. “The next time you see one of those squirrels go near my putting green, take a gun and shoot it!” he ordered his valet, Sergeant John Moaney. The Secret Service, however, wisely avoided the use of guns, and instead groundskeepers trapped the squirrels and released them into Rock Creek Park.

110. TEN THINGS YOU MAY NOT KNOW ABOUT IKE 5. His first son died of scarlet fever at age 3. Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower’s first son, Doud Dwight, was born on September 24, 1917. Little “Icky” was a happy child, but as Christmas 1920 approached, he fell ill with scarlet fever. The illness soon morphed into meningitis, and the 3-year-old died on January 2, 1921. The following year the couple had their only other child, John. 6. He was once president of Columbia University. Eisenhower never served in elected office before becoming president of the United States, but he did have presidential experience as leader of Manhattan’s Columbia University between 1948 and 1950. The job of heading an Ivy League institution was never a comfortable fit, and he left when Truman offered him the role of Supreme Allied Commander of the newly formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 7. Eisenhower was an avid painter in his later years. While president of Columbia, Eisenhower took up painting as a hobby after watching artist Thomas Stephens paint a portrait of Mamie. During his years in the White House, Eisenhower paid a visit to a small second-floor studio to paint for 10 minutes before lunch. Among his more than 200 paintings were landscapes and portraits of his wife, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. His works were even displayed at a 1967 show in a New York art museum, although Eisenhower told a reporter, “They would have burned this [expletive] a long time ago if I weren’t the president of the United States.”

111. TEN THINGS YOU MAY NOT KNOW ABOUT IKE 8. He was the first president to ride in a helicopter. At Eisenhower’s suggestion, the Secret Service approved of the use of helicopters as a more efficient and safer means of travel than limousines for short trips to and from the White House. On July 12, 1957, Eisenhower became the first president to employ the new aviation technology when he rode in a two- passenger Bell H-13J helicopter to Camp David as part of a test of White House evacuation procedures. During his second term, he regularly used helicopters to fly to Camp David and his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. 9. While president, he spent nearly two months in the hospital. During a September 1955 vacation in Colorado, Eisenhower suffered a heart attack and was rushed to Denver’s Fitzsimmons Army Hospital. He remained in the hospital for nearly seven weeks. His staff took over the hospital’s eighth floor, and with the president’s approval, Vice President Richard Nixon ran cabinet meetings. The following year, Eisenhower underwent an intestinal bypass operation. In spite of his health issues, Eisenhower ran for re-election in 1956 and won in a landslide. 10. William Randolph Hearst offered Eisenhower a job as a journalist. During his years in the military, Eisenhower gained a reputation as an excellent writer. He authored speeches, letters, reports and staff studies for top brass, including Douglas MacArthur, as well as the secretary of war. He contributed to a guidebook on World War I battlefields and was so proficient with the pen that in the 1930s publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst tried to convince Eisenhower to leave the U.S. Army to become a military correspondent for his newspaper chain. Although offered three times his existing pay, Eisenhower turned down Hearst’s offer.

112. EISENHOWER’S LEGACY In the past few years, Eisenhower’ legacy has undergone significant revision. For most the 20 th century, scholars and many Americans characterized Ike as a “do nothing president.” However, Eisenhower’s achievements are now being reviewed: 1. Eisenhower did not lead the country into war, although he might have chosen to do so in Indochina in 1954. 2. He negotiated an armistice in the Korean War only six months after taking office. 3. During his presidency, peace prevailed, even if at times Cold War tensions were high. 4. He made decisions that stimulated the economy, such as supporting the construction of the Interstate Highway System. 5. Although national security spending was high during the Eisenhower years, the President did not give in to temptations to spend even more. 6. Eisenhower did not try to change contemporary thinking about racial issues by speaking out in favor of civil rights. He did take actions to end racial segregation, but he was unwilling to use his moral authority as President to advance the most important movement for social justice of the 20th century.

113. THANK YOU, HOPE YOU ENJOYED THE LECTURES