1.  Population Paradox

2. Objectives/Student-Friendly Learning Targets:  Students will…  Compare causes and effects of population trends in India, Japan, the United States, and sub-Saharan Africa.

3. Population Paradox  Paradox = a statement that contradicts itself  Population paradox = populations around the world are growing and shrinking  In some countries, population is growing (typically because birth rates are higher than death rates; usually median age is “younger”; usually developing countries)  In other countries, population is shrinking (typically because death rates are higher than birth rates; usually median age is “older”; usually developed countries)  Each presents a unique set of challenges  Ideally a country achieves zero population growth (birth rates equal death rates)  Global population currently 7 billion (reached on 10/31/11) and expected to reach 9 billion by 2050 (on average, birth rates have not declined as fast as death rates; growth coming mostly from developing world and due to traditional cultural beliefs, lack of education, and/or lack of access to contraception)

4. World’s Largest Populations  Most populated nation in the world = China (1.3 billion)  2 nd most populated nation in the world = India (1.1 billion)  3 rd most populated nation in the world = United States (300 million)

5. India  Population in northern India increasing due to illiteracy and poverty  Women have five children on average  People of southern India more educated and birth rates are similar to the West

6. India  Husband and mother-in-law are the gatekeepers of health services in India  Have more control over a woman’s reproductive life than the woman herself  Birth rates are high because women are pressured to have sons  A son is preferable in India because he stays with family and looks after parents while a daughter eventually leaves to live with husband’s family  Millions of fetuses aborted each year  Stark gender gap (35 million fewer women than men)

7. India  A daughter is considered an economic liability  Seen as belonging to someone else  Will eventually look after in-laws not parents  More expensive ; dowry (gifts or money) provided to husband’s family to marry off

8. India  25,000 girls between the ages of 15-24 years old are victims of bride burnings each year in India  Brides doused with kerosene and set alight  Seriously injured or killed  Result of domestic disputes (sometimes related to dowry) or failure to produce a son  Having at least two sons is a survival strategy (cannot stop at one due to high infant mortality rate)

9. India  95% of marriages are arranged in India  Bride and groom often strangers  Girl often 15 or 16 years old and boy not much older

10. Arranged Marriage  http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2012/05/30/a rranged-marriage-is-not-forced-marriage/ http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2012/05/30/a rranged-marriage-is-not-forced-marriage/

11. India  India’s population pyramid (old at top and young at bottom):  ½ of country is under 25 and reaching reproductive age

12. India  Gender preference at the heart of population growth; cannot reign in population growth without addressing cultural belief about gender  Cultural mindset of India changed via education  Teach women about contraceptives  Teach women skills so they can earn a living on their own  Education is the first step toward empowering women  Women in India become empowered by becoming economically independent  Women cannot change the way their roles are defined when they are economically vulnerable and dependent  Need employment opportunities for women  Means women can survive without husbands

13. India  1 st country to establish a policy for population control  Sterilization is the dominant form of birth control in India today  Vast majority performed on women  But gov’t trying to change that as a no-scalpel vasectomy costs far less and is easier on a man than a tubal ligation is on a woman

14. India  Indian gov’t tried once before to push vasectomies in 1970s when anxiety about population bomb was at its height  Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her son Sanjay used state-of- emergency powers to force a dramatic increase in sterilizations  Family planning workers were pressured to meet quotas; in a few states, sterilization became a condition for receiving new housing or other gov’t benefits  In some cases the police rounded up poor people and hauled them to sterilization camps  The excess gave family planning a bad name!

15. Japan  Population of Japan is decreasing  Never before in human history has fertility dropped so much so fast  By 2050, 1 in 3 Japanese will be over the age of 65

16. Japan  Reversing the current population trend would require people to stop working long hours  “Parasite singles” live with parents and pursue other things than marriage such as a career  “Japanese men live at the office and commute to home”  Ambivalence about motherhood

17. Japan  Concern over who will care for Japan’s large elderly population  Japanese government thinks family, not society, is responsible for taking care of elderly (ultimately family means women)  More women working = fewer women at home to care for elderly = stress on families  Neither government nor private industry have been able to fill the gap  Limited nursing homes are full

18. Japan  Japanese live longer than anyone else in the world  Women live on average until 84 and men until 78  Increases the country’s age  Japanese stay healthy for a long time but cannot do so forever; who will care for them when they cannot care for themselves?  In 2010, the U.S. ranked 27 th in the world in life expectancy

19. Japan  Japan’s population pyramid (old at top and young at bottom):  Elderly dramatically outnumber the young  India’s population pyramid turned upside down

20. Japan  An aging country like Japan needs to take in immigrants to keep its workforce from shrinking  Japan needs to take in 600,000 immigrants a year to maintain its workforce  Japan is not willing to do this as it is obsessed with preserving its own ethnicity

21. Japan  If birth rates stay low and Japan continues to refuse to take in immigrants, soon it will not have enough people entering the workforce to support those retiring  Japan will not be able to support a welfare state because:  The number of workers will go down  The number of consumers will go down  Business profits will go down  Tax revenues will go down  Cannot support a welfare state without tax revenues!

22. Russia  Because of shrinking populations, some countries encourage families to have more children  Finding that ironically it may be easier to cut fertility than raise it

23. Russia  “Day of Conception” held in a region in central Russia  Couples given time off work September 12  Given money, cars and other prizes for giving birth on June 12, exactly nine months later (Russia’s independence day)  In 2011, the government has promised to pay $11,500 to women who have a second child

24. United States  Population of the United States is increasing  One of the only developed countries in which population is growing  Population increasing due to immigration NOT because birth rate is higher than death rate  The U.S. takes in one million immigrants each year  Average family size in Western world at or below two children  Keeps U.S. younger than most other developed countries

25. United States  Although immigration is delaying aging, the number of seniors is also increasing  The U.S. has had the largest percentage increase of seniors in the world as the baby boom generation has reached retirement age

26. Sub-Saharan Africa  Population of the Sub-Saharan Africa is increasing  Women have six children on average  Because many women do not use family planning, region has one of the fastest growing populations in the world despite high death rates from AIDS

27. Sub-Saharan Africa  Population trend of Sub-Saharan Africa creates  Economic refugees  Rapid population growth becomes burden on nation’s economy  Falling incomes and deteriorating social services create pressure to emigrate  Environmental refugees  Rapid population growth creates rising demand for food, fuel and shelter  As forests are destroyed to meet demand, wildlife and people who live off the land face pressure to emigrate  1/3 of world’s people still earn a living by growing, catching, and picking things up off the ground; if ecosystems that allow for these things are destroyed, people lose livelihood

28. Sub-Saharan Africa  Population growth occurs when a country cannot bring birth rates into balance with death rates  Stage 1: All countries start with high death rates from disease, making high birth rates a necessity to keep the population from being decimated

29. Sub-Saharan Africa  Stage 2: As a country modernizes and gains access to better technology, medicine and health services, death rates fall but birth rates do not so you have a population explosion  Challenge for every country is to get through stage 2 rapidly (where parts of Sub-Saharan Africa are now)  Want to bring birth rates back into balance with death rates, allowing the population to stabilize

30. Sub-Saharan Africa  Some countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have started to embrace family planning  Family planning has been very successful in Kenya  Average number of children per woman has dropped from seven to four in two decades

31. Sub-Saharan Africa  Kenya is ready to reap the benefits of falling birth rates but is now experiencing a demographic reversal for the first time in modern history  Death rates are rising (not falling)  Life expectancy rates are plummeting in Kenya from 65 to 49 years due to HIV/AIDS  Economic desperation and desire for children perpetuate spread of AIDS

32. Sub-Saharan Africa  Sub-Saharan Africa’s population pyramid (old at top and young at bottom):  Large number of children (11 million orphaned by AIDS)  Adults between 20 and 60 years old being wiped out by AIDS  Few surviving seniors

33. East Asia  The once poor countries of South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan transformed themselves to become economic giants in Asia by  Keeping fertility down  Investing in young, working age people  Countries spent less money on children and more money on creating jobs for young adults entering the workforce  Following in their footsteps would give a country like India the opportunity to escape poverty

34. Stabilizing Population  Key to stabilizing the world’s population is  Education  Liberation of women  When women are educated they are able to take more control over their own lives and when women have control over their lives, they will have the number of children they want; all evidence is that women want fewer children

35. Half the Sky “The unfortunate reality is that women’s issues are marginalized, and in any case sex trafficking and mass rape should no more be seen as women’s issues than slavery was a black issue or the Holocaust was a Jewish issue. These are all humanitarian concerns, transcending any one race, gender, or creed.” – p. 234 Oppression = prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control Opportunity = a set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something

36. Respond to the following questions in the left column of your double entry journal as you read the introduction to Half the Sky :  What is the author’s purpose in writing Half the Sky ?  What numbing global statistics on the abuse of girls do the authors provide?  What is the central moral challenge of the 21 st century?  Despite the wrenching stories it conveys, what is the central truth in Half the Sky ?  How does helping women help men and by extension an entire community, country, and world?  How does empowering women disempower terrorists?  What three particular abuses of women are identified in the text?  What is the underlying message of the text in regards to the women it depicts?  Discuss the title of the book Half the Sky.

37. Half the Sky  What is the author’s purpose in writing Half the Sky ?

38. Half the Sky  What is the author’s purpose in writing Half the Sky ?  To rectify injustices of what the global media chooses as newsworthy  107 million females missing from the globe today NOT newsworthy as it occurs daily!  At least another 2 million girls worldwide disappear each year because of gender discrimination

39. Half the Sky  What numbing global statistics on the abuse of girls do the authors provide?

40. Half the Sky  What numbing global statistics on the abuse of girls do the authors provide?  More girls have been killed in the last 50 years, precisely because they were girls, than men were killed in all the battles of the 20 th century  More girls are killed in routine “gendercide” in any one decade than people were slaughtered in all the genocides of the 20 th century

41. Half the Sky  What is the central moral challenge of the 21 st century?

42. Half the Sky  What is the central moral challenge of the 21 st century?  “In the nineteenth century, the central moral challenge was slavery. In the twentieth century, it was the battle against totalitarianism. We believe that in this century the paramount moral challenge will be the struggle for gender equality around the world.” – p. xvii

43. Half the Sky  Despite the wrenching stories it conveys, what is the central truth in Half the Sky ?

44. Half the Sky  Despite the wrenching stories it conveys, what is the central truth in Half the Sky ?  Women are not the problem but the solution  The plight of girls is no more a tragedy than an opportunity

45. Half the Sky  How does helping women help men and by extension an entire community, country, and world?

46. Half the Sky  How does helping women help men and by extension an entire community, country, and world?  Gender inequality hurts economic growth / economic productivity  Educating girls can improve economic performance of developing countries  “The strongest argument we can make to leaders of poor countries [to ease repression of girls] is not a moral one but a pragmatic one: If they wish to enliven their economies, they had better not leave those seams of human gold buried and unexploited.” – p. 240

47. Half the Sky  “The Girl Effect” = a movement that focuses upon adolescent girls ending poverty for themselves, their families, their communities, their countries and the world. It's about making girls visible and changing their social and economic dynamics by providing them with specific, powerful and relevant resources  http://www.girleffect.org/learn/the-big-picture http://www.girleffect.org/learn/the-big-picture  “Investment in girls’ education may well be the highest-return investment available in the developing world … the question is not whether countries can afford this investment, but whether countries can afford not to educate more girls.” – p. xx  Women tend to reinvest money in family and community whereas men tend to spend more on instant gratification

48. Half the Sky  How does empowering women disempower terrorists?

49. Half the Sky  How does empowering women disempower terrorists?  Countries that nurture terrorists are disproportionately those where women are marginalized  “The reason there are so many Muslim terrorists, they [some U.S. security experts] argued, has little to do with the Koran but a great deal to do with the lack of robust female participation in Islamic countries … empowering girls, some in the military argued, would disempower terrorists.” – p. xxi  Gender has become a serious topic on the international affairs agenda

50. Half the Sky  What three particular abuses of women are identified in the text?

51. Half the Sky  What three particular abuses of women are identified in the text?  Sex trafficking and forced prostitution  Gender-based violence (honor killings and mass rape)  Maternal mortality

52. Half the Sky  What is the underlying message of the text in regards to the women it depicts?

53. Half the Sky  What is the underlying message of the text in regards to the women it depicts?  Story of transformation NOT victimization as women become empowered via education

54. Half the Sky  Discuss the title of the book Half the Sky.

55. Half the Sky  Discuss the title of the book Half the Sky.  “Women hold up half the sky” is a Chinese proverb attributed to Mao Zedong  Mao brought women into the workforce in China, a country that “traditionally has been one of the most repressive and smothering places for girls” – p. xviii  “Eighty percent of the employees on the assembly lines in coastal China are female, and the proportion across the manufacturing belt of East Asia is at least 70 percent. The economic explosion in Asia was, in large part, an outgrowth of the economic empowerment of women.” – p. xix  Despite progress in improving the status of women some gender discrimination persists in China

56. Why does inequality persist?  “For most of history, slavery had been accepted as sad but inevitable. The Athenians were brilliant philosophers and abounded in empathy that made them wonderful writers and philosophers, yet they did not even debate their reliance on slavery. Jesus did not address slavery at all in the Gospels; Saint Paul and Aristotle accepted it; and Jewish and Islamic theologians believed in mercy toward slaves but did not question slavery itself. In the 1700s, a few Quakers denounced slavery, but they were dismissed as crackpots and had no influence. In the early 1780s, slavery was an unquestioned part of the global landscape – and then, astonishingly, within a decade, slavery was at the top of the British national agenda. The tide turned, and Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 and in 1833 became one of the first nations to emancipate its own slaves.” – p. 234  Global acceptance of inequality allows it to persist!

57. Turning Oppression into Opportunity  Like slavery, gender discrimination and abuse need not be accepted as a tragic but inevitable feature of human life  What are the solutions to gender discrimination and abuse and thus the keys to transforming women into economic catalysts?  Education  Microfinance

58. Solution # 1 = Education  What are some cost-effective ways to increase school attendance among girls?  Deworm students  Help girls manage menstruation  Iodize salt to help with proper brain development  Bribe families to keep girls in school  Effective strategy for increasing learning once girls are in school = offer small scholarships to girls who do well

59. Solution #2 = Microfinance  How does microfinance work?  Women get small loans to start businesses  Institutions lend to women in groups of 25  Women meet regularly to make payments and discuss social issues  Some organizations start banks to help women save  www.kiva.org = donors can lend as little as $25 to individuals all over the world who want to borrow to finance a small business www.kiva.org

60. “The Girl Effect”  http://www.girleffect.org/learn/the-big-picture http://www.girleffect.org/learn/the-big-picture

61. Sweden Noble Project or Political Correctness Gone Overboard?  Sweden has gone further than almost any other country in the world to eradicate gender discrimination, it has reached a critical turning point, moving beyond mainstream feminist goals like equal pay and equal opportunity toward a society in which gender doesn’t matter.  Education = more women have university degrees than men  Swedish women 47% (men 26%) vs. American women 45% (men 32%)  Wages = but women still earn less than men  Swedish women – 14% vs. American women – 18%  Political Representation = Sweden well above the average for industrialized nations  Swedish female representatives in gov’t 45% vs. 17% in American government  Maternity Leave = guaranteed paid time off from the workplace  Sweden 420 days vs. U.S. 0 days

62. Sweden Noble Project or Political Correctness Gone Overboard?  Sweden in the midst of a dramatic new experiment in gender equality – called gender neutrality.  Some feel Sweden is on the verge of doing away with the idea of men and women altogether and is in danger of denying biological realities and will impose artificial mandates on sameness.  Some feel Sweden has essentially built its national identity on the pursuit of equality and humanism.  Trying not to use words girls or boys; han (he) and hon (she) replaced with hen  No specific gender roles  No distinguishable gender

63. Sweden Noble Project or Political Correctness Gone Overboard?  Not hard to convince parents in schools of new gender equality as...  Teacher simply walks over to a whiteboard and draws a circle, then divides it in half.  “On the right side are the things for girls” – she draws several lines inside the semicircle – “and on this are the things for boys.  And then asked, ‘Do you want your child’s life to be a half-circle or a whole one?”

64. Tier 2 Vocabulary: birthrate, death rate, developed countries, developing countries, paradox, liability, fertility

65. Tier 3 Vocabulary: zero population growth, population growth, negative population growth, China, India, United States, Japan, sub- Saharan Africa, dowry, bride burning, arranged marriage, parasite single, welfare state, life expectancy, HIV/AIDS, demographic transition model, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan

66. Objectives/Student-Friendly Learning Targets:  Students will…  Compare causes and effects of population trends in India, Japan, the United States, and sub-Saharan Africa.

67. Essential Questions:  What are the innumerable opportunities and freedoms students are lucky enough to enjoy on a daily basis living in the United States?  What are the innumerable challenges and dangers some individuals and/or groups around the world experience on a daily basis?  How is diversity evident in all of its many facets within the United States and across the globe?  How have industrialization, urbanization and technological advancements precipitated the global economic and environmental challenges of the 21 st century?  How has technology eliminated political, physical and cultural boundaries of the past and made the world a smaller, more interdependent place?