1. The following organisms belong to which phylogenetic clades that you should know?

3. Eukarya / Plants/ Liverworts/Marchantia

5. Eukarya / Plants/ Flowering plants

7. Eukarya / Plants/ Hornworts

9. Eukarya / Plants/ Gnetophytes

11. Eukarya / Plants/ Mosses

13. Eukarya / Plants/ Ginkgoes/Ginkgo

15. Eukarya / Plants/ Ferns and Their Relatives / Psilotum

17. Eukarya / Plants/ Conifers

19. Eukarya / Plants/ Cycads

21. Eukarya / Plants/ Ferns and Their Relatives / Ferns

23. Eukarya / Plants/ Lycophytes/ Club Mosses

25. Eukarya / Plants/ Lycophytes/ Selaginella

26. Is the plant a sporophyte or a gametophyte?

28. Gametophyte

30. Sporophyte

32. Gametophyte

34. Sporophyte

38. Sporophytes

40. Gametophytes

42. Sporophyte

50. Gametophyte

51. Are the leaves of these plants homologous?

52. The microphylls of lycophytes (left) are not homologous with the megaphylls of ferns.

53. Are the following plants homosporous or heterosporous?

55. Homosporous

57. Heterosporous. All seed plants are heterosporous.

59. Heterosporous. Selaginella is the only example of a free-sporing heterosporous plant that we saw in lab.

61. Homosporous. Homosporous lycophytes are club mosses.

63. Heterosporous. All seed plants are heterosporous.

64. Are the nuclei of the following cells derived from mitosis or meiosis.

66. Mitosis. In plants, gametes are always derived from mitosis.

68. Meiosis. In plants, meiosis produces haploid spores.

70. Mitosis. In plants, gametes are always derived from mitosis.

72. Mitosis. These are generative cells of pine microgametophytes (pine pollen grains). Their nucleus is derived through mitosis. Each one will undergo mitosis to produce two sperm nuclei (two sperm nuclei per pollen grain).

73. Identify the following plant structures.

75. Moss protonema. Unlike most green algae, this highly branched filament has numerous disc-shaped chloroplasts

77. Antheridium….. from a moss.

79. Stomata….. from a hornwort sporophyte.

81. Pyrenoids….. from a hornwort gametophyte.

83. Antheridiophore….. of Marchantia.

85. Archegoniophore….. of Marchantia.

87. Archegonium….. of a fern gametophyte.

89. Egg….. of a fern gametophyte.

91. Leaf….. of a fern sporophyte. Leaf = frond in ferns which are megaphylls

93. Stem….. of a fern sporophyte. This stem is a rhizome.

95. Petiole of a leaf….. of a fern sporophyte.

97. Roots….. of a fern sporophyte.

99. Microsporophyll…………….. of Pinus.

101. Archegonium…………….. of a fern

103. Antheridia…………….. of a fern

105. Sori…………….. of a fern

107. Sporangium …………….. of a fern

109. Spores …………….. of a fern

111. Ovulate cone of Pinus. Ovulate cone= seed cone= megasporangiate cone. In conifers, the cones are made of a terminal cluster of seed scale complexes. Conifers don’t have megasporophylls.

113. Ovules of Pinus. These are borne on a seed scale.

115. Sterile bract of Pinus. The sterile bract with its seed scale represents a seed scale complex.

117. Seed scale complex..…… of Pinus. A seed scale complex consists of a sterile bract and its seed scale.

119. Ovule..…… of Pinus.

121. Sterile Bract..…… of Pinus.

123. Seed Scale..…… of Pinus.

125. Seed Scale Complex..…… of Pinus.

127. Nucellus..…… of Pinus. Nucellus = Megasporangium

129. Megaspore Mother Cell..…… of Pinus.

131. Pollen Grain..… in pollen chamber of Pinus.

133. Integuments..… of an ovule of Pinus.

135. A = Ovule B = Megagametophyte C = Nucellus D = Integument

137. Pollen Grain..… of Pinus. Pollen grain = microgametophyte.

139. Male cone..… of Pinus. = microsporangiate cone Consists of a terminal cluster of microsporophylls.

141. Megagametophyte..… of a seed of Pinus. The food storage tissue in all gymnosperms is the megagameophyte.

143. Colyledons..… of a seedling of Pinus. These start out as a means of moving energy to the seedling from the megagametophyte and end up as photosynthetic leaves.