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Ch 29/30 - The Making of a Land Plant
I. The Problems of being a “land” plant In Water (the easy life) On Land (the hard life) Land Plant Adaptations Cell walls with lignin, xylem, stems, turgor 1. Supportive Non-Supportive 2. Retains water Lose water Vascular tissue, roots, cuticle, stomata 3. Reproduction easy Reproduction hard a. Sperm swim in water b. Dispersal easy (float) c. Eggs will not dry out a. Sperm can not fly b. Young not dispersed c. Embryos need protection Pollen, flowers, fruit, sporopollenin, seed coats, protected embryo II. The Characteristics of Land Plant A. Growth at tips - apical meristems Multicellular with dependent embryos retained in female part of plant “embryophytes” 1. Placental transfer cells (higher plants) 2. Foot (Lower plants) C. Walled spores made in sporangia composed of sporopollenin D. Multicelluar gametangia (antheridia & archegonia) E. Alternation of Generation Multicellular sporophytes makes spores that grow into a multicellular gametopyte that makes gametes
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Highlights of Plant Evolution
(charophytes) BRYOPHYTES LYCOPHYTES MONILOPHYTES GYMNO & ANGIOSPERMS
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Alternation of Generation
Structures Alternation of Generation Zygote Gametes Spores Gametophyte Sporophyte Mitosis Multicellular Zygote Sporophyte (2n) (2n) Ploidy Meiosis Diploid (2n) Haploid (n) Fertilization Spores Gametes (n) (n) (n) Process Multicellular Mitosis Meiosis Fertilization Mitosis Mitosis Gametophyte (n) Slide 14
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Placental transfer cells
Protected Embryos of the “Embryophytes” Protective Coat Embryo of a seed Embryo of a liverwort Placental transfer cells Foot Slide 1
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Xylem and Phloem in a vascular bundle
Vascular Tissue Xylem and Phloem in a vascular bundle Stem Slide 1
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Plant Clade Relationships
Slide 1
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The Bryophytes Thallose Liverwort Leafy Liverwort Hornwort Moss
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Apical Meristem Tissue
Root Tip Leaf Bud Slide 1
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Phylum Lycophyta Club “Moss” Spore producing strobuli
Lycopodium Slide 2
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Leaf Evolution All other vascular plants Scales Microphylls LYCOPHYTES
Non-Vascular ‘Scale” Vascular Microphyll All other vascular plants Dichotomous branching Tissues fill in branching Scales Microphylls LYCOPHYTES Branching Megaphylls
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Phylum Monilophytes - The Ferns
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Phylum Monilophyte - The Horsetails
Spore producing strobuli “Scouring rushes” Equisetum
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Phylum Monilophyte - The Whisk Ferns
Sporangia Dichotomous Branching Slide 2
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Relationships of Sporophytes and Gametophytes
Flowering Plant Moss Fern Slide 2
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Types of Gymnosperms Juniper Cycad Ginkgo Sequoia Bristlecone pine Fir
Cypress Yew Slide 2
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Types of Angiosperms SLIDE 2
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Life Cycle of a Conifer Slide 3
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Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant
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The Evolutionary Relationships of the Plant Kingdom
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Moss Life Cycle Slide 2
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Fern Life Cycle Slide 2
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Moss Antheridia Moss Archegonia Antheridia Archegonia Egg Cell
Sperm Cells Slide 1
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Fern Gametophyte with Developing Sporophyte
Archegonium Antheridium Rhizoids (Why are they called “rhizoids” and not roots) Slide 3
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Lycopodium Gametophyte
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Horsetail Gametophtye
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Whisk Fern Gametophtye Why is it brown and not green?
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What is the difference between a spore and a seed?
Spores Seed Unicellular Multicellular Haploid Diploid Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction First cell of gametophyte Part of the Sporophyte generation 5. Formed by meiosis (usually) Formed by fertilization after mitosis Slide 1
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Spores and Sporopollenin
Slide 1
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The Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Lycophytes Pterophytes Gymnosperms
Chpt 29 Lower Plants “Seedless” Chpt 30 Higher Plants “Seeds” Bryophytes Lycophytes Pterophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms “Conifers” pines, firs, yews, cypress cycads, ginkos, junipers Wisk ferns, WG Mosses liverworts hornworts All flowering plants Examples Club Mosses CMG Horse tails HTG Ferns, Xylem / Phloem, Gametophyte none No vascular tissue Xylem & phloem only in sporophyte Xylem & phloem only in sporophyte Xylem / Phloem, Gametophyte none Vascular Tissue Gametophyte dominant, sporophyte dependent Sporophyte dominant independent gametophyte Sporophyte dominant independent gametophyte Alternation of Generation Sporophyte with dependent gametophyte Sporophyte with dependent gametophyte Sporangium, capsule, stalk, foot, calyptra, peristome Leaves, stems, roots, flowers, Upright & horizontal stems, microphylls, sporophylls, strobuli Fronds, Rhizomes, Roots, fiddleheads Sporophyte Morphology Leaves, stems, roots, cones Independent, either photosynthetic, or underground heterotrophic Heart – shaped,, photosynthetic archegonia & antheridia or underground heterotrophic Male- pollen Female- “surviving megaspore” Male- pollen Female- embryo sac Gametophyte Morphology Gametophores, protonema, rhizoids, thallus Heterosporous Microspore-male Megaspore-female Heterosporous Microspore-male Megaspore-female Spore Type Homosporous Homosporous Homosporous Leaf Morphology No true leaves Microphylls Megaphylls, (fronds) Needle-like Megaphylls Broad leaf Megaphylls Sporophylls sporangia, forming cone like strobuli antheridium, archegonium, Cones, (male & female) “naked seeds”, pollen Anth’s & Arch’s Antheridium, archegonium, sporangia Sporangia, sori , sporophyll antheridium, archegonium, Flowers, seeds, fruit Reproductive Structures
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The Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Lycophytes Pterophytes Gymnosperms
Chpt 29 Lower Plants “Seedless” Chpt 30 Higher Plants “Seeds” Bryophytes Lycophytes Pterophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms “Conifers” pines, firs, yews, cypress cycads, ginkos, junipers Wisk ferns, WG Mosses liverworts hornworts All flowering plants Examples Club Mosses CMG Horse tails HTG Ferns, Xylem / Phloem, Gametophyte none No vascular tissue Xylem & phloem only in sporophyte Xylem & phloem only in sporophyte Xylem / Phloem, Gametophyte none Vascular Tissue Gametophyte dominant, sporophyte dependent Sporophyte dominant independent gametophyte Sporophyte dominant independent gametophyte Alternation of Generation Sporophyte with dependent gametophyte Sporophyte with dependent gametophyte Sporangium, capsule, stalk, foot, calyptra, peristome Leaves, stems, roots, flowers, Upright & horizontal stems, microphylls, sporophylls, strobuli Fronds, Rhizomes, Roots, fiddleheads Sporophyte Morphology Leaves, stems, roots, cones Independent, either photosynthetic, or underground heterotrophic Heart – shaped,, photosynthetic archegonia & antheridia or underground heterotrophic Male- pollen Female- “surviving megaspore” Male- pollen Female- embryo sac Gametophyte Morphology Gametophores, protonema, rhizoids, thallus Heterosporous Microspore-male Megaspore-female Heterosporous Microspore-male Megaspore-female Spore Type Homosporous Homosporous Homosporous Leaf Morphology No true leaves Microphylls Megaphylls, (fronds) Needle-like Megaphylls Broad leaf Megaphylls Sporophylls sporangia, forming cone like strobuli antheridium, archegonium, Cones, (male & female) “naked seeds”, pollen Anth’s & Arch’s Antheridium, archegonium, sporangia Sporangia, sori , sporophyll antheridium, archegonium, Flowers, seeds, fruit Reproductive Structures
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