1. CHAPTER 18 KEY TERMS EndothermicDown Feather Contour FeatherPlacental Mammal PlacentaUmbilical Cord MonotremeMarsupial BirdsQuill AlbumenIncisors CaninesMolars

2. CHAPTER 18 VERTEBRATES II: BIRDS AND MAMMALS

3. VERTEBRATES Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Ectotherms – animals that cannot control their own body temp Ectothermic Endotherms – animals that do control their own body temp Endothermic 3

4. VERTEBRATES Ectothermic “Cold-blooded” Reptiles, amphibians, fish Must adjust their activity to the temperature of their surroundings Endothermic “Warm-blooded” Birds, mammals, humans Maintain constant body temp Feathers or fur/hair to insulate the body, sweat, large ears Require more food to keep up with the energy demands 4

5. BIRDS Endothermic Wings and feathers are main characteristics Found on nearly every environment because most can fly Beaks are designed for their diet Benefits Rodent and insect control Food (meat and eggs) 5

6. BIRDS Flight Wings with feathers Low body weight because of bone design Air spaces reinforced with crisscross pattern 6

7. BIRDS Feathers Protect and insulate the bird from the environment Also provide camouflage Quill Shaft Barbs Contour feathers: insulate bird from H 2 O Down feathers: hold warm air close to body Birds molt feathers at least once a year 7

8. BIRDS Flight muscles require much more energy Many birds consume more than their body weight in food each day! Are able to store food in their crop Also need large amounts of oxygen when flying Body contains air sacs that fill lungs with air even when exhaling 8

9. BIRDS 9 Lay eggs Consist of embryo, yolk, albumen, shell membrane, shell Shell and shell membrane allow gases to pass into and out of the egg Incubate their eggs in nests Incubate = keeping the egg warm and turning it Both are to ensure the embryo develops properly

10. MAMMALS Endothermic Have hair (thick coat of hair is called fur) Produce milk for infants in mammary glands Infants are weaned off its mothers milk Develop teeth Incisors used for cutting Canines used for tearing Premolars and molars used for grinding 3 groups of mammals 10

11. MAMMALS Placental Mammals Young develop inside the mother by the placenta Placenta allows nutrients, wastes, and oxygen to be exchanged between mother and young Umbilical cord connects the baby to the placenta Umbilical cord contains blood vessels that take blood from baby to placenta Young are born alive Monotremes Mammals that lay eggs Platypus, echidna 11

12. MAMMALS Marsupials Raise their young in a pouch Baby crawls from birth canal to pouch Kangaroos, opossums 12