1. Absolutism in Europe

2. “Absolutism in Europe” Outline Spanish Empire – Charles V – Philip II – Weakening Empire – Dutch Prosper – Growth of Absolutism Absolutism in France – Rise of the Bourbons – Skepticism Movement – Louis XIV – Rise of the Sun King – Wars Cost France Central Europe – Thirty Years’ War – Growth of Nations – Prussia Challenges Austria Absolutism in Russia – Ivan the Terrible – Peter the Great – Peter’s Absolutism Absolutism in England – England and the Stuarts – Cromwell and the Civil War – A Restoration…. – …and a Glorious Revolution

3. Spanish Empire: Charles V and Spain Ruled over Spain, Spain’s American colonies, parts of Italy, Austria, Holy Roman Empire and Netherlands – Also known as the Hapsburgs Catholic, he despised those of other beliefs Made Spanish Empire strong through: – Gold and silver from Americas – Exploitation of owned lands Forced to sign the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 – Allowed Protestant or Catholic worship in Holy Roman Empire 1556 – Retired and divided his empire – Ferdinand (brother) got Austria, Italy, and HRE – Philip II (son) got Spain, Spanish Netherlands, and Spanish American colonies

4. Philip II and Spain Inherited throne at a time Europe was at war – Reformation (Protestant & Catholic) – Philip II devout Catholic Philip also believes in defending the Church – 1568 – Dutch Revolt – 1571 – War vs Islam (Ottoman Empire) – 1588 – War vs Protestants (England) – Ongoing at home – Spanish Inquisition Spain would reach it’s largest size and a “Golden Age” under Philip II Constant warfare and a shortage of gold and silver from the Americas would set Spain back Absolute Ruler – Complete and absolute control of the nation – Ruled by divine right, or that he was God’s representative on earth

5. Weakening Empire Inflation and Taxes – Decline in value of money and a rise in prices – Caused by too much silver in the market Rich Enemies – Most Spanish people bought goods from other European nations – Manufactured goods were too expensive in Spain The Dutch Revolt – Spanish Netherlands had many Calvinist people, wanted to separate from Catholic Spain – Fighting lasted from 1568-1579, when the Protestant part of the Netherlands separated from the Catholic portion

6. Dutch Prosper Netherlands different from others: – Religious toleration – A republic, not a kingdom (governors ruled provinces) Dutch artists become popular across Europe Owned many of the major banks of Europe Best known as a trade empire – Dutch East India and West India Companies explore Asia and Americas – Largest fleet of ships in the world – Dutch take over Asian spice trade from Portuguese

7. Growth of Absolutism Causes: – Religious and territorial conflicts – Growth of armies to deal with conflicts; Rising taxes to pay armies – Revolts due to taxes Effects: – Rulers regulated religious and social gathering to control spread of ideas – Rulers increased courts to appear more powerful – Rulers removed power from elected officials, giving it to appointed officials (bureaucracy)

8. 3-2-1 Exit Slip 3 things you learned 2 things you found interesting 1 thing you still have questions about

9. Absolutism in France: Rise of the Bourbons France was seeing religious conflict following the death of Henry II (1559) – 8 religious wars between French Catholics and French Protestants (Huguenots) Henry of Navarre took control after the last son of Henry II died (1589) – Henry of Navarre was married to Henry II’s daughter Henry converted to Catholicism to try to stop fighting in France Also issued Edict of Nantes – Religious toleration of Huguenots

10. Rise of the Bourbons Cont’d Following his death, Henry of Navarre’s son took over (Louis XIII) – Weak ruler, had to appoint someone to help – Cardinal Richelieu given authority to rule Richelieu changed France in two ways: – Removed some rights of Huguenots – Removed power of nobles by increasing power of the middle class Richelieu also saw the need to compete with the Hapsburgs (rulers of Spanish Empire) – Only way to make France the strongest nation in Europe

11. Skepticism Movement Skepticism – Nothing can ever be known for certain – Said to doubt ideas was the first step towards finding truth Movement gains momentum because people begin to question purpose of holy wars Michel de Montaigne was one of the biggest supporters of skepticism – In order to express his ideas, he developed the essay

12. Louis XIV Inherits the throne in 1643 at age 4 Cardinal Mazarin holds power for the young king – Negotiated the Peace of Westphalia to end the Thirty Years’ War – Ended a revolt to overthrow the crown Nobles wanting to protect feudal aristocracy from centralized government With his passing in 1661, Louis XIV took supreme power

13. Rise of the Sun King Louis XIV wanted to be a close, personal king – Ordered nothing to be signed without asking Established a royal court at Versailles – Personal household of the king – Chief offices location – Powerful allies and enemies had to come here to see Louis XIV If enemies emerged within his council, Louis XIV removed them – Ensured royal ministers obeyed his every command – Gave him control of foreign policy, the Church, and taxes Louis XIV would become known as the Sun King – A source of light for all of his people

14. 3-2-1 Exit Slip 3 things you learned 2 things you found interesting 1 thing you still have questions about

15. Rise of the Sun King Cont’d Absolute power could only go so far…what about the local level? – Local politics controlled by nobles, local officials, and councils How would you reach areas controlled by nobles, local officials, and town councils? – Louis XIV used bribes to ensure he controlled local politics Religious control – Louis XIV destroyed Huguenot churches, closed their schools, and drove them out of France – Wanted no objection to his authority

16. Funding the Kingdom Gorgeous buildings, killing Protestants, and war cost $$$, so Louis needs someone who can find more Jean-Baptiste Colbert was controller-general of finances – Responsible for funding for wars, building palaces, and maintaining the court Followed practices of mercantilism to bring in money to throne – Export more than you import Because of this, Louis XIV could hold a standing army – Waged four wars throughout his reign

17. Wars Cost France Expanse of Boundaries – Some success in the Netherlands encouraged Louis to attack other regions – Smaller countries stopped France by banding together War of the Spanish Succession – Charles II of Spain did not have a male heir, promised throne to Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip of Anjou – Smaller countries feel threatened, come together to stop – War rages from 1701-1714, with French and Spanish being defeated by England, Austria, Netherlands, Portugal, and German and Italian states

18. Legacy of Louis XIV Louis died in 1715 at the age of 76 – Longest reigning monarch in the history of Europe Creates an absolute kingdom in France Added to the kingdom through war Left France with a great debt

19. Exit Slip Who helped Louis XIV rule France while he was still young? How did Louis XIV control politics at the local level in France? What factors led to the downward progression of France toward the end of Louis XIV’s reign?

20. Central Europe: Thirty Years’ War Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) – Religious war between Protestants and Catholics in Central Europe – France gets involved in order to prevent Spanish from gaining too much power (Bourbons vs Hapsburgs) Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin keep France involved (Remember, HOLY WAR) Results – 8 million casualties (soldiers and civilians) – German cities ravaged by European soldiers, little protection for the people

21. Thirty Years’ War Cont’d Peace of Westphalia (1648) – All German states could determine their religion – Ended Holy Roman Empire by dividing German states – France is the major European power (given some German territory) 2 nd point most important! – Allows for the development of modern European states – Europe abandoned the idea of a Catholic Empire – allows equal, independent states

22. Growth of Nations Feudalism still existed in Central Europe – Way behind Western Europe – Weak because of this Hapsburg family still owns small amount of land, known as Austria – Through conquest, slowly begin to rebuild their empire – Start by taking over surrounding weak territories Also developing was the territory of Prussia

23. Prussia Challenges Austria War of Austrian Succession (1740- 1748) – Prussia and Frederick the Great wanted the Austrian territory of Silesia – Austria and Maria Theresa turned to Britain, Hungary, others to help defend – Austria would end up losing Silesia to Prussia Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) – Maria Theresa created an alliance with France, angering Frederick the Great – Frederick signed a treaty with Britain – Europe essentially split into two factions – War was sparked when Frederick attacked Saxony, an Austrian ally – War was fought in Europe, Americas, and Africa – After the war, everything returned to whom it belonged to

24. Exit Slip Why did France get involved in the Thirty Years’ War? What was one significant thing the Peace of Westphalia accomplished (not including ending the war!!)? What was the outcome of the War of Austrian Succession? Seven Years’ War?

25. Absolutism in Russia: Ivan the Terrible Ivan IV took the throne at the age of 3 in 1533 – Boyars, or Russian nobles, fought each other for the right to help young Ivan rule 1547-1560 – “Good” period – Won wars, added land, created a code of laws 1560-1584 – “Bad” period – Killing of nobles, using secret police, killing his own son

26. Peter the Great Ivan’s son was unfit to rule, Russian leaders eventually chose a new czar in 1613 – Romanovs take power Most famous Romanov ruler was Peter the Great – Became sole ruler of Russia in 1696, at 24 – Had a fascination with Europe and the West Peter noticed differences between Russia and Europe – Russia still practiced Feudalism (Serfdom) – Never part of the Renaissance or Age of Exploration – Russian Eastern Orthodox Christianity differed from Catholicism and Protestants

27. Peter the Great Cont’d Westernization – Method of modeling after European powers – Hoped to use to make Russia stronger How? – Promoted lower class families to lower power of nobles – Opened schools of navigation and arts and sciences – Brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state control Also increased army, allowed women to attend social gatherings, and made Russian men change clothing/hairstyles

28. Peter’s Absolutism – Controlled religion – Increased his power by decreasing power of nobles Peter also establishes the city of St. Petersburg as his “gateway to the West”

29. 3-2-1 Exit Slip 3 things you learned 2 things you found interesting 1 thing you still have questions about

30. England and the Stuarts James I of Scotland becomes king following Elizabeth I’s death (no heir) – Begins Stuart dynasty James I believes in divine right of kings – King answers to no one but God When James I dies, his son, Charles I, takes over – Also believes in divine rights In 1628, a petition is passed preventing the king from passing any taxes without Parliament saying “OK” – Charles I is upset when he realizes this cuts into divine rights

31. Cromwell and the Civil War In 1642, things reach a boiling point and England slips into Civil War Two sides emerged in England – Cavaliers – Royal supporters – Roundheads – Parliament supporters Oliver Cromwell emerges as a military genius – Leads New Model Army made up of primarily Puritans (English Protestants) Results – Cromwell takes over – Parliament abolishes monarchy and House of Lords – England becomes a commonwealth, or republic for a while, then Cromwell creates a military dictatorship – Charles I is executed

32. A Restoration… Following Cromwell’s death, Parliament brings back the monarchy and Charles II – Problem – Both Charles II and his brother James II are Catholic Parliament introduces Exclusion Bill to prevent James from taking throne – Charles II dismisses Parliament in 1681 to stop this Parliament opposes James II, but knows he has two Protestant daughters (Mary and Anne) that will inherit the throne (so they can wait until he dies) – Another problem – In 1688, James has a son with his Catholic wife…..a new Catholic heir to the throne

33. …and a Glorious Revolution Fearing Catholic rule, English nobles invite Mary and her husband William of Orange to “invade” England and take the throne Take the throne in 1688 In return, William and Mary accept a Bill of Rights – Parliament can levy taxes and create laws – Standing army only comes from Parliament – People can have guns and trial by jury What about divine rights? – William was now king by the grace of Parliament, not God

34. Exit Slip What is Guy Fawkes Day? Why did English citizens support Oliver Cromwell? Why did English citizens support the return of the monarchy?