1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Chapter 3, part 1 An Introduction to The Cellular Level of Organization

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives List the main points of the cell theory. Describe the chief structural features of the cell membrane, and note their broad importance. Describe the organelles of a typical cell, and give their specific functions.

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 3-1 An Introduction to Cells

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals Cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level Homeostasis at higher levels reflects combined, coordinated action of many cells The cell theory states:

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.1 Figure 3.1 The Diversity of Cells in the Human Body

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytology, the study of the structure and function of cells The human body contains both somatic and sex cells Cell biology

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.2 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell Figure 3.2

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Is surrounded by extracellular fluid, which is the interstitial fluid of the tissue Has an outer boundary called the cell membrane or plasma membrane A typical cell

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 3-2 The Cell Membrane

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physical isolation Regulation of exchange with the environment Structural support Cell membrane functions include:

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Figure 3.3 The Cell Membrane Figure 3.3

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Phospholipids—forming the bilayer of the membrane

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cholesterol helps give structural integrity to cell membrane Also cholesterol serves diverse functions such as: it is converted to vitamin D (if irradiated with Ultra Violet light), modified to form steroid hormones, and is modified to bile acids to digest fats.

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integral proteins Peripheral proteins Anchoring proteins Recognition proteins Receptor proteins Carrier proteins Channels Membrane proteins include:

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4 Membrane proteins Figure 3.4

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteoglycans Glycolipids Glycoproteins Membrane carbohydrates form the glycocalyx Helps lubricate and protect cell membrane Can anchor cells in place, and plays a role in the locomotion of certain specialized cells All 3 carbohydrate types extend beyond the cell membrane into the extracellular matrix

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 3-3 The Cytoplasm

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The fluid (cytosol) The organelles the cytosol surrounds The cytoplasm contains:

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nonmembranous organelles are not enclosed by a membrane and always in touch with the cytosol Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, proteasomes Membranous organelles are surrounded by lipid membranes Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria Organelles

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.2 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell Figure 3.2

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Thick filaments Microvilli increase surface area Cytoskeleton provides strength and flexibility

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.5 The Cytoskeleton Figure 3.5

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division Organize the cytoskeleton Cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles is the centrosome Centrioles

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Is anchored by a basal body Beats rhythmically to move fluids across cell surface Cilia

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6 Centrioles and Cilia Figure 3.6

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Are responsible for manufacturing proteins Are composed of a large and a small ribosomal subunit Contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Can be free or fixed ribosomes Ribosomes

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7 Ribosomes Figure 3.7

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Remove and break down damaged or abnormal proteins Require targeted proteins to be tagged with ubiquitin Proteasomes

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intracellular membranes involved in synthesis, storage, transportation and detoxification Forms cisternae Rough ER (RER) contains ribosomes Forms transport vesicles Smooth ER (SER) Involved in lipid synthesis Endoplasmic reticulum

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.8 The Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 3.8

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Forms secretory vesicles Discharged by exocytosis Forms new membrane components Packages lysosomes Golgi Apparatus

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.9 The Golgi Apparatus Figure 3.9

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.10 Functions of the Golgi Apparatus Figure 3.10

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lysosomes are Filled with digestive enzymes Responsible for autolysis of injured cells Peroxisomes Carry enzymes that neutralize toxins Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.11 Lysosome Functions Figure 3.11

36. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Continuous movement and recycling of membranes ER Vesicles Golgi apparatus Cell membrane Membrane flow

37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Responsible for ATP production through aerobic respiration Matrix = fluid contents of mitochondria Cristae = folds in inner membrane Mitochondria