2. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

3. DNA vs. RNA DNA Made of deoxyribose sugar A - C - G - Thymine Located in nucleus Stores genetic info Double Stranded RNA Made of ribose sugar A - C - G - Uracil Transfers genetic info Single Stranded Located in nucleus and cytoplasm

4. What are proteins? Organic compounds made of long chains of amino acids (1000’s) in a certain sequence that coil together. The sequence of amino acids determine the type of protein

5. Types of RNA mRNA- messenger RNA –Takes information from DNA to ribosomes- transcription –Long single stranded molecule tRNA- transfer RNA –Transports amino acids & takes them to the ribosomes to be assembled- translation –Cloverleaf shape rRNA- ribosomal RNA –Along with proteins it makes up the ribosomes

6. STEPS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

7. Transcription Process of converting the DNA code into an mRNA code –Location: Nucleus –Type of RNA involved mRNA

8. Steps of Transcription 1.RNA polymerase (an enzyme) binds to a region of DNA called a promoter (start pt for a gene) 2. DNA molecule unwinds 3.Complimentary base pairs are added on to an RNA molecule as was done in replication (Uracil binds with Adenine) 4.When mRNA reaches a termination codon it stops and releases from the DNA molecule

9. mRNA base pairings Nitrogen base sequence of DNA: A A G A A T A G G G T C T C A G C A C G C C C A A A A mRNA would be built with the following base sequence: U U C U U A U C C C A G A G U C G U G C G G G UU U U When mRNA reaches a STOP CODON it stops and releases from DNA molecule.

10. CODONS Group of 3 nucleotide bases that will code for a specific amino acid (correct this on your notes sheet). Refer to your chart on the last page to see how each codon codes for one of the 20 amino acids SPECIAL CODONS: –Start: AUG --> tells ribosomes to begin adding amino acids – Stop: UAA; UAG; UGA --> tells ribosomes to stop adding amino acids

11. Example mRNA codons U U C / U U A / U C C / C A G / A G U / C G U / G C G / G G U / U U U

13. Translation Process that occurs along the ribosomes in which the mRNA codons are read and the tRNA finds the corresponding amino acid that matches the mRNA codon (refer to chart) Location: Cytoplasm Type of RNA involved: mRNA and tRNA

14. Steps of Translation 1.mRNA will migrate from the nucleus to a ribosome (made of rRNA and protein) 2.A tRNA will have a codon opposite that of the mRNA’s codons called an anticodon. The tRNA’s anticodon is UAC. This will be received in the ribosomes if the mRNA codon is AUG. This tRNA will thus pick up the amino acid Methionine (it is based on the codon not anticodon

15. Steps of Translation The anticodons of the tRNA’s will be Codon Anti U U C = AAG CGU= GCA U U A = AAU GCG= CGC U C C = AGG GGU= CCA C A G = GUC UUU= AAA A G U= UCA 3.Each tRNA will hunt and find the appropriate amino acid based on the codon (NOT it’s ANTICODON)

16. Protein Assembly The ribosome will line up the amino acids based on the order that the mRNA codons read and create peptide bonds between each amino acid. It is the tRNA’s job to go and get the correct amino acid.

17. Order of amino acid bases Order of amino acids based on mRNA sequence: (Use the amino acids chart & fill the rest of these in ) UUC / UUA / UCC / CAG / AGU Phenylalanine- CGU / GCG / GGU / UUU Add this to your Notes: This would continue….most proteins are made of amino acid sequences that are thousands of amino acids long. Once amino acid chain is completed the chain will twist into its secondary and tertiary levels of organization to form the protein. Codes for