1. The Ottoman Empire
WHII.5a

3. The Ottoman Empire emerged as a political and economic power following the conquest of Constantinople.   The Ottomans brought much of Muslim territory in Southwest Asia and North Africa under their rule.

4. In the beginning... Asia Minor (Upper Middle East and Eastern Europe)
Original Location
Asia Minor (Upper Middle East and Eastern Europe)
Extent of the Empire
The Ottoman Empire conquered lands throughout the Eastern Hemisphere before its decline in the 1900s
Expansion of the Empire Included:
Southwest Asia
Southeastern Europe
Balkan Peninsula
North Africa

6. Decline of the Byzantine
As the Byzantine Empire began to weaken, Turks in the Middle East took notice
Anatolian Turks, “Warriors of Islam,” began to raid territories in and surrounding the Byzantine Empire in hopes of conquering the land and converting the people to Islam
Leader: Othman (Osman) was the most successful of the warriors
Followers were Ottomans!!
Built a MUSLIM state in Asia Minor
Founded the Ottoman Empire!!

8. Building the Ottoman Empire
Osman’s successors expanded the empire through:
Buying land
Forming alliances
Conquering others
Leaders of the empire took the title of “Sultan”
Means overlord or one with power

9. The Ottoman’s Conquer How were the Ottoman’s able to conquer?
Good military tactics and weapons
Canons, gunpowder, and musket carrying soldiers
Befriended those they came in contact with (they were NICE)
Improved peoples’ lives

10. Fall of Constantinople
Constantinople to ISTANBUL
Under Mehmed II the Ottomans conquered Constantinople!
1453
The capital of the Byzantine Empire
Was a VERY important city because of location and trading posts
Gained control of the Bosporus Strait
Mehmed assembled an army of 125 ships and 100,000 foot soldiers
(HUGE!!!—Go BIG or Go HOME!)

13. Fall of Constantinople
Constantinople to ISTANBUL
Placed chain across Golden Horn
Bosporus Strait and Sea of Marmara
Kept out of the cities harbor
They dragged 70 ships over a hill on greased runners
Opened city to all religions and is now called…

14. Fall of Constantinople
*Istanbul
The Byzantine trading center at Constantinople was conquered in 1453 by the Ottomans, renamed Istanbul, became the capital, and a LARGE trading center for the Ottomans.

16. The Ottoman Empire Ottoman’s Unifying Force
The Ottomans used their Islamic religion as a UNIFYING force for the empire
Rulers and people practiced RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE
The empire accepted other religions
They did not persecute Jews or Christians
Mehmed II opened the empire to people of all religious and cultural backgrounds!

17. The Ottoman Empire The Ottomans Expand
After taking the Byzantine capital, the Ottomans took Syria, Palestine, the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, and even Egypt!
Mehmed’s grandson, Selim the Grim was the effective sultan and great general that helped expand the Ottoman Empire during this time
Selim came to power by overthrowing his father, murdering his brothers, & executing nephews and all but one son!!!

18. The Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Trade
The main goods traded by the Ottomans included Coffee and Ceramics

20. Ottoman Empire Fact card
Do you Know?
c.1500

21. Ottoman Empire Fact card
Do you Know?
1. Original Location
Asia Minor

22. Ottoman Empire Fact card
Do you Know?
1. Original Location
2. Where it expanded-
Balkan Peninsula (Europe), North Africa, Middle East (Southwest Asia)

23. Ottoman Empire Fact card
Do you Know?
1. Original Location
2. Where it expanded (3)
3. Capital-(its old and new name)
Istanbul-NOT Constantinople

24. Ottoman Empire Fact card
Do you Know?
1. Original Location
2. Where it expanded (3)
3. Capital (its old name)
4. Religion
Islam unified empire--part of the Muslim World

25. Ottoman Empire Fact card
Do you Know?
1. Original Location
2. Where it expanded (3)
3. Capital (its old name)
4. Religion
5. Goods Ottomans traded
Coffee and ceramics

27. Mughal India

28. Mughal India
Descendants of the Mongols, the Muslim Mughal (Mogul) rulers, established an empire in northern India.

29. Mughal India
The Mughal Empire traded with several European nations. Much of southern India remained independent and continued international trade.

30. Mughal India Spread Original Location
the northernmost part of India (North India)

31. Mughal India Spread Extent of the Empire
The Mughal Empire expanded through most of India, present day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal
Southern India
Mughal India NEVER takes over ALL of India
The southernmost tip and Ceylon, Sri Lanka, today never came under the empire’s rule

32. Mughal India Spread Three Powerful Leaders
The empire spread through three powerful leaders:
Babur (founded the empire)
Akbar (The Greatest One-lived up to his name!)
Aurangzeb

33. Mughal Empire Leaders Babur Built up an army
Swept into Northern India and laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire
FOUNDER of the Mughal Empire

34. Mughal Empire Leaders Akbar Military conqueror—conquered new territory
Turned enemies into alliances
Genius at cultural blending
Permitted people of other religions to practice their faith (religious tolerance)

35. Mughal Empire Leaders Shah Jahan Killed all possible rivals
Had two passions:
Beautiful buildings and his wife
Wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died at age 38 after giving birth to their 14th child
Ordered that a shrine be built in her name

39. The Mughal Empire Mumtaz Mahal’s shrine (memorial)
Taj Mahal
Mumtaz Mahal’s shrine (memorial)
One of the wonders of the world
Built by 20,000 workers over the course of 22 years
Shah Jahan had ALL 20,000 workers hands cut off so they could not recreate such architecture
DID NOT want anything else like it EVER!!
Left the empire with large DEBT

40. Mughal Empire Leaders Aurangzeb Third son of Shah Jahan Military Power
Lost power because oppressed:
Strict Muslim laws
Drinking, gambling, and other vices
Imposed taxes to pay for war

41. The Mughal Empire As you know Europeans traded for goods in
India, so that must mean that the Mughal
Empire TRADED with Europeans!!
Indian textiles had a huge influence on the British textile industry
Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing coastal ports on the Indian sub-continent
Shah Jahan allowed Europeans to build trading forts
Aurangzeb gave Europeans the Port of Bombay

42. The Mughal Empire Downfall
As the Mughal Empire started to decline Western traders slowly built power in the subcontinent
The fall of the empire ultimately came from the Shah Jahan’s rule and the mass amount of debt he left with the empire from the building of the Taj Mahal and then the beginning of his shrine

43. Not all trade with Europe in India was done with the Mughal Empire.
Southern India
TRADE in Southern India
Not all trade with Europe in India was done with the Mughal Empire.
Throughout the Mughal Empire’s reign Southern India NEVER became part of the empire
It was always INDEPENDENT!!
Southern India continued international trade
Trade silks, gems, and spices

44. Mughal India Fact card
Do you Know?
c.1500

45. North India 1. Original Location c.1500 Mughal India Fact card
Do you Know?
1. Original Location
North India

46. 2. Where the Empire Spread
Mughal India Fact card
c.1500
Do you Know?
1. Location
2. Where the Empire Spread
Nearly all of India except the southern most tip and Sri Lanka
Present day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal

47. 2. Where the Empire Spread 3. Contributions of Mughal Rulers
Mughal India Fact card
c.1500
Do you Know?
1. Location
2. Where the Empire Spread
3. Contributions of Mughal Rulers
Spread of Islam into India
Art and Architecture- Taj Majal
Establishment of European trading outposts
Influence of Indian textiles on British textile industry

48. 2. Where the Empire Spread) 3. Contributions of Mughal Rulers
Mughal India Fact card
c.1500
Do you Know?
1. Original Location
2. Where the Empire Spread)
3. Contributions of Mughal Rulers
4. Trade with European Nations
Portugal, England, and Netherlands competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing coastal ports on the Indian subcontinent
Southern India traded silks, spices, and gems

50. Trade in East Asia (China and Japan)
WHII.5c

51. Trade in East Asia
As the Europeans made healthy profits from trade in the Indian Ocean region, many looked for new sources of wealth.
Europeans turned to China and later Japan.
But, China and Japan had different ideas!

52. China and Japan
China and Japan are different than the others! China and Japan sought to limit the influence and activities of European merchants. Why do you think they did this?

53. China: Ming Dynasty China
China was a dominant power when the first European ships arrived
China was under control of the MING Dynasty

54. China: Ming Dynasty Trade with Ming
1500s Policy on trade= ISOLATIONISM
China sought to keep influence of outsiders to a MINIMUM
Only government could conduct foreign trade
Could only trade through 3 coastal ports
Foreign enclaves were created to control trade
Instituted imperial policy to control foreign influences and trade

55. China: Qing Dynasty Trade with Qing
After the decline of the Ming Dynasty, foreign Manchus came to rule in China, establishing the Qing Dynasty
Manchus thought that China was the cultural center of the universe
Kept policy of ISOLATIONISM
Had RULES for trading:
Had to pay tributes
Could only use certain ports
Must respect the emperor
Must perform the “kowtow”

56. Isolation in China Isolation
Throughout the 17th and 18th century China continued its policy on isolation
They DID NOT want FOREIGN INFLUENCE

57. Demand for Chinese Goods
As China continued to limit foreign trade, European demand for Chinese goods increased
Europeans wanted:
SILK
PORCELAIN
TEA (made up 80% of shipments to Europe)
Agriculture vs. Industry
China did not become an industrialized state because:
The idea of commerce offended the Chinese Confucian beliefs
China’s economic policies traditionally favored agriculture

58. Japan
Trade with Japan
In the 16th century Japan had an “open-door” trading policy
They welcomed traders and missionaries
By the 17th century this ended
But, Europeans still hoped to involve themselves in Japan’s trade with China and other parts of Southeast Asia

59. Japan
Change
Once Christians began coming in the emperor of Japan feared Christianity
feared Christian uprisings more than losing Europe as a trading partner
The emperor was willing to give up all the wonderful trading to get rid of Christian missionaries and influences
The persecution of Christians became an attempt of the Japanese to control foreign ideas

60. Japan
Shogun
When Europe first started trading with Japan had no powerful central authority
SHOGUN—Japan was characterized by a powerless emperor which was controlled by a military leader

61. Japan “Closed-Door Policy”
Once strong SHOGUNS took control of Japan, they sealed Japan’s borders and instituted a “closed country policy”
Japan was CLOSED OFF from the world
Most commercial contacts with Europeans ended
For years, Japan remained closed to Europeans
Even the Japanese were forbidden to leave so they wouldn’t bring back foreign ideas

62. China and Japan Fact card
China worked to limit the spread of European merchants through.....
Creation of foreign enclaves to control trade
Imperial policy of controlling foreign influences and trade
Increase in European demand for Chinese goods-tea and porcelain
c.1500

63. China and Japan Fact card
Japan worked to limit the spread of European merchants through.....
Characterized by a powerless emperor controlled by a military leader
Shogun
Adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign influences-Closed Door Policy-did not just limit, CLOSED themselves off from outsiders
c.1500

65. Africa

66. Africa
The exportation of slaves and demand for imported goods began to alter traditional economic patterns in Africa.

67. Africa Do you Know? 1. African Exports Slaves (triangular trade)
Raw materials (ivory, gold)

68. Africa Do you Know? African Exports African Imports
Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia, and the Americas
New food products
(corn and peanuts)

69. Growth of European Nations

70. Growth of European Nations
European maritime nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources, creating new economic practices, such as mercantilism, linking European nations with their colonies.

71. European Nations VOCABULARY CHECK 1. What is Mercantilism? c.1500
An economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficient
Based on the theory that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country

72. European Nations VOCABULARY CHECK What is Mercantilism?
Commercial Revolution
European maritime nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources.
A new economic system emerged:
New money and banking systems were created.
Economic practices such as mercantilism evolved.
Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country.