1. PHONETICS

2. What is phonetics? It’s a discipline in linguistics which deals with the transcription of sounds. The units are called phonemes. There are three kinds of phonemes: – Vowels. – Consonants. – Diphthongs (union of two vowels in the same syllable).

3. What phonetics exercises will be important for the exam? Identify phonemes with graphemes (letter or letters which represent a phoneme in ordinary writing). -ed endings. Plural and 3 rd person singular –s endings.

4. VOWELS VOWELGRAPHEMESEXAMPLES / i: /-ee-, -ea- tree, seat. / ɪ / -i- sit, / ʊ / -oo-, -u- good, would, could, should / u: /-oo-, -u-, -oe- foot, rule, / e /-e-, -ea-, -ai- bet, / ə // ə / -er, -or endings, and many other unstressed vowels. father, conductor, alive / ɜ : / -ir-, -ur-, -or-, -ear- in stressed syllables. bird, world, earth, / ɔ : / -oor, -or-, -al- door, more, talk / ɑ / -o-, -a- pot, stop, want / æ /-a-cat, bag, / ʌ / -u-, -o- cup, love, / a: /-ar-, -as- car, cat, class