1. Nationalism Chapter 22

2. MOVIE DAY! MOVIE DAY! Just Kidding! April Fools! Just Kidding! April Fools!

3. SECTION 1: BUILDING A GERMAN NATION First Steps Toward German Unification First Steps Toward German Unification In the early 1800’s: German speakers lived in many countries In the early 1800’s: German speakers lived in many countries Impact of Napoleon in Germany Impact of Napoleon in Germany 1. Napoleon made important changes to Germany. 1. Napoleon made important changes to Germany. 2. He added land along the Rhine River to France. 2. He added land along the Rhine River to France. 3. He dissolved the HRE and organized a group of German 3. He dissolved the HRE and organized a group of German states into the Rhine Confederation. states into the Rhine Confederation. 4. He tried to free serfs, make trade easier, and abolished laws 4. He tried to free serfs, make trade easier, and abolished laws against the Jews. against the Jews. Prussia takes the lead Prussia takes the lead The country of Prussia created a way to unite Germany by creating an economic union called the Zollverein. The country of Prussia created a way to unite Germany by creating an economic union called the Zollverein. It dismantled tariff barriers between Germany states. It dismantled tariff barriers between Germany states. The German people offered the throne to King Frederick William IV of Prussia. The German people offered the throne to King Frederick William IV of Prussia. He turned it down. He turned it down. Germany is still divided. Germany is still divided.

4. Bismarck Begins to Unite Germany Bismarck came from Prussia’s Junker class. Bismarck came from Prussia’s Junker class. This class was made up of conservative landholding nobles. This class was made up of conservative landholding nobles. He was a master of manipulation. He was a master of manipulation. He became chancellor of Prussia and then later of Germany. He became chancellor of Prussia and then later of Germany.

5. Bismarck and Prussia Win Three Wars Bismarck and Prussia Win Three Wars Bismark formed an alliance with Austria. Bismark formed an alliance with Austria. Together these two countries invaded the Denmark provinces of Schleswig and Holstein. Together these two countries invaded the Denmark provinces of Schleswig and Holstein. Austria took over Schleswig and Prussia took over Holstein Austria took over Schleswig and Prussia took over Holstein War with Austria (Austro-Prussian War) War with Austria (Austro-Prussian War) Bismarck (Prussia) now invaded Austria. Bismarck (Prussia) now invaded Austria. The war only lasted seven weeks The war only lasted seven weeks They annexed several new lands to Prussia. They annexed several new lands to Prussia.

6. Bismarck and Prussia Win Three Wars Cont’d Bismarck and Prussia Win Three Wars Cont’d The Franco-Prussia War The Franco-Prussia War The Prussian victory now worried Napoleon III of France The Prussian victory now worried Napoleon III of France The Spanish throne became vacant. The Spanish throne became vacant. A relative of the Prussian king was offered the crown of Spain. A relative of the Prussian king was offered the crown of Spain. France protested France protested Bismarck rewrote a telegram that helped push on the war. Bismarck rewrote a telegram that helped push on the war. Bismarck’s editing of the Ems Dispatch made it seem that William I had insulted the Frenchmen. Bismarck’s editing of the Ems Dispatch made it seem that William I had insulted the Frenchmen. Furious, Napoleon III declared war on Prussia. Furious, Napoleon III declared war on Prussia. Prussia smashed the French armies. Prussia smashed the French armies.

7. Architect of German unity: Otto Von Bismark Map of Germany in 1871

8. The German Empire Under William I in 1871, Germany became a nation and the Second Reich was born. Under William I in 1871, Germany became a nation and the Second Reich was born. Bismarck’s constitution set up a two house legislature. Bismarck’s constitution set up a two house legislature. The Bundersat: upper house The Bundersat: upper house The Reichstag: lower house The Reichstag: lower house

9. SECTION 2: STRENGTHENING GERMANY The German Industrial Giant The German Industrial Giant The growth was due in part to ample iron and coal resources. The growth was due in part to ample iron and coal resources. Disciplined and educated work force. Disciplined and educated work force. Growing population provided a huge home market and highly skilled work force. Growing population provided a huge home market and highly skilled work force. German industries were the first to see the value of applied science in developing new products. German industries were the first to see the value of applied science in developing new products.

10. SECTION 2 CONT’D The Iron Chancellor The Iron Chancellor Tariff - a tax on a import. Tariff - a tax on a import. Bismarck is chancellor. Bismarck is chancellor. He targeted two groups, the Catholic Church and socialists. He targeted two groups, the Catholic Church and socialists. In his view, both groups posed a threat to the German state. In his view, both groups posed a threat to the German state. Catholics made up about a third of the population and Bismarck distrusted them, especially the clergy. Catholics made up about a third of the population and Bismarck distrusted them, especially the clergy. His goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to state above church His goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to state above church Bismarck feared that socialist would undermined the loyalty of German workers and turn toward revolution Bismarck feared that socialist would undermined the loyalty of German workers and turn toward revolution A Confident New Kaiser A Confident New Kaiser William II had Bismarck resign. William II had Bismarck resign. William believed in his divine right to rule. William believed in his divine right to rule.

11. Show unification map of Germany from CD Show unification map of Germany from CD

12. SECTION 3: UNIFYING ITALY The Italian Peninsula The Italian Peninsula For centuries, Italy had been a battle ground for ambitious leaders For centuries, Italy had been a battle ground for ambitious leaders Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts exploded across northern Italy. Between 1820 and 1848, nationalist revolts exploded across northern Italy. These revolts were designed to push Austrians out of Northern Italy. These revolts were designed to push Austrians out of Northern Italy. Mazzini’s Young Italy Mazzini’s Young Italy In the 1830’s, the nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy. In the 1830’s, the nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy. The goal of this secret society was to constitute Italy one free, independent, republican nation. The goal of this secret society was to constitute Italy one free, independent, republican nation. In 1849, Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome. In 1849, Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome. However, Mazzini’s republic was soon toppled by French forces. However, Mazzini’s republic was soon toppled by French forces.

13. The Struggle for Italy After 1848, leadership of the Risorgiments, or Italian nationalist movement, passed to the Kingdom of Sardinia. After 1848, leadership of the Risorgiments, or Italian nationalist movement, passed to the Kingdom of Sardinia. King Victor Emmanuel hoped to join other Italian states to his own. King Victor Emmanuel hoped to join other Italian states to his own. Victor Emmanuel appointed Count Camillo Cavour as prime minister. Victor Emmanuel appointed Count Camillo Cavour as prime minister. He came from a noble family but favored liberal goals. He came from a noble family but favored liberal goals. He also believed in Realpolitik. He also believed in Realpolitik.

14. Intrigue with France In 1855, Cavour had Sardinia join Britain and France in the Crimean War. In 1855, Cavour had Sardinia join Britain and France in the Crimean War. This gave Sardinia a voice in the peace conference. This gave Sardinia a voice in the peace conference. Sardinia next faced Austria and defeated them with the help of their ally France. Sardinia next faced Austria and defeated them with the help of their ally France. They annexed Lombardy from Austria. They annexed Lombardy from Austria. Even some Italian states rebelled and joined Sardinia. Even some Italian states rebelled and joined Sardinia.

15. Garibaldi’s Red Shirts Garibaldi was from the kingdom of Two Sicilies. Garibaldi was from the kingdom of Two Sicilies. Garibaldi recruited 1,000 Red Shirt volunteers to conquer Italy. Garibaldi recruited 1,000 Red Shirt volunteers to conquer Italy. Cavour provided weapons and ships to assist Garibaldi. Cavour provided weapons and ships to assist Garibaldi. Cavour was alarmed by Garibaldi’s success in the south and thought now that he might have to fight Garibaldi. Cavour was alarmed by Garibaldi’s success in the south and thought now that he might have to fight Garibaldi.

16. Unity of Italy Cavour sent troops to stop Garibaldi. Cavour sent troops to stop Garibaldi. Garibaldi turned over his territory to Sardinia without a shot being fired. Garibaldi turned over his territory to Sardinia without a shot being fired. Victor Emmanuel II was now king of a united Italy. Victor Emmanuel II was now king of a united Italy. Two areas remained outside of the Italian control: Rome and Venetia. Two areas remained outside of the Italian control: Rome and Venetia. Rome and Venetia were acquired by 1870. Rome and Venetia were acquired by 1870.

17. Architect of Italian Unity: Cavour Garibaldi unselfishly gave his conquered land to form Italy.

18. Problems & Government of the New Italian Nation Problems Problems North is richer than the south North is richer than the south Hostilities between Italy and the RCC. Hostilities between Italy and the RCC. The Pope and the RCC were given the Vatican. The Pope and the RCC were given the Vatican. Pope urged Catholics not to cooperate with the government. Pope urged Catholics not to cooperate with the government. Socialist strike and anarchists turned to sabotage and violence Socialist strike and anarchists turned to sabotage and violence Despite all this Italy continued to progress. Despite all this Italy continued to progress. Government Government Under Victor Emmanuel I Italy was a Constitutional Monarchy with a two house legislature. Under Victor Emmanuel I Italy was a Constitutional Monarchy with a two house legislature.

19. Show map of unified Italy from CD Resource Show map of unified Italy from CD Resource

20. SECTION 4: NATIONALISM THREATENS OLD EMPIRES A fading power: the Hapsburgs and Austria A fading power: the Hapsburgs and Austria This family had acquired Bohemia and Hungary, Romany, Poland, Ukraine, and Northern Italy This family had acquired Bohemia and Hungary, Romany, Poland, Ukraine, and Northern Italy Just as the rest of Europe, Austria was facing problems such as the growth of European cities, discontented workers and the stirring of socialism Just as the rest of Europe, Austria was facing problems such as the growth of European cities, discontented workers and the stirring of socialism The Hapsburg ruled many different ethnic groups. The Hapsburg ruled many different ethnic groups.

21. The Dual Monarchy Hungry was part of Austria. Hungry was part of Austria. The Hungarians were demanding more freedom. The Hungarians were demanding more freedom. A Hungarian named Francis (Fernec) Deak wanted more freedom. A Hungarian named Francis (Fernec) Deak wanted more freedom. He worked out a compromise with Austria-Hungary. He worked out a compromise with Austria-Hungary. The agreement: a.) Each were separate states. b.) Each had its own constitution and parliament. The agreement: a.) Each were separate states. b.) Each had its own constitution and parliament. Francis Joseph, however, was king or emperor of Austria and Hungary. Francis Joseph, however, was king or emperor of Austria and Hungary. The two states also shared ministers of finance, defense, and foreign affairs, but were independent in all other areas. The two states also shared ministers of finance, defense, and foreign affairs, but were independent in all other areas.

22. Balkan Nationalism The Ottoman Empire ruled much of the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire ruled much of the Balkans. Many Serbs and Greeks lived under Ottoman rule. Many Serbs and Greeks lived under Ottoman rule. Many of these people wanted to form their own country. Many of these people wanted to form their own country. The Ottoman Empire became known as the sick man of Europe because it was a weakling. The Ottoman Empire became known as the sick man of Europe because it was a weakling. Britain, France and Russia began to divide the Ottoman Empire. Britain, France and Russia began to divide the Ottoman Empire.

23. SECTION 5: RUSSIA The Russian Colossus The Russian Colossus By 1800 Russia was a great power By 1800 Russia was a great power Russia consisted of many different ethnic groups. Russia consisted of many different ethnic groups. Despite progress Russia still needed to improve its economy. Despite progress Russia still needed to improve its economy. A type of feudalism still existed and nobles did not want change. A type of feudalism still existed and nobles did not want change. Serfs were still in bondage in Russia. Serfs were still in bondage in Russia. Serfdom was the main reason for Russian economic decline. Serfdom was the main reason for Russian economic decline.

24. Czars Alexander I & II Alexander I Alexander I He seemed open to new ideas and even talked about freeing the serfs. He seemed open to new ideas and even talked about freeing the serfs. However, he feared losing the support of the nobles. However, he feared losing the support of the nobles. Alexander II Alexander II In 1861 Alexander II freed the serfs In 1861 Alexander II freed the serfs Many former serfs moved to the city Many former serfs moved to the city Alexander the II introduced legal reforms such as trial by jury Alexander the II introduced legal reforms such as trial by jury

25. Czar Alexander II freed the Serfs.

26. Return to Russia’s Problems The peasants had freedom but no land. The peasants had freedom but no land. More were changes needed. More were changes needed. A group called the Peoples Will try to assassinate Czar Alexander A group called the Peoples Will try to assassinate Czar Alexander Then on a cold March day the Czar was assassinated. Then on a cold March day the Czar was assassinated. The next Czar was Alexander III The next Czar was Alexander III He increased the power of the secret police. He was cruel. He increased the power of the secret police. He was cruel. He attempted to make everyone have the same religion and basic culture. He attempted to make everyone have the same religion and basic culture. They persecuted those who did not adopt their culture. They persecuted those who did not adopt their culture. Persecution Persecution They started pogroms or violent mob attacks on Jewish people They started pogroms or violent mob attacks on Jewish people Many Jews became refugees or people who flee from their homeland to seek safety elsewhere Many Jews became refugees or people who flee from their homeland to seek safety elsewhere

27. Nicholas II Under Nicholas, Russia finally entered the Industrial Age Under Nicholas, Russia finally entered the Industrial Age War broke out between Japan and Russia ending in Russian defeat. War broke out between Japan and Russia ending in Russian defeat. This was known as the Russo-Japanese. This was known as the Russo-Japanese. Angered about Russian loses, protestors poured into the streets. Angered about Russian loses, protestors poured into the streets. Fearing the marchers the czar’s troops were ordered to fire on the protestors. (Bloody Sunday). Fearing the marchers the czar’s troops were ordered to fire on the protestors. (Bloody Sunday). In the October Manifesto he promised freedom of : person, conscience, speech, assembly, union In the October Manifesto he promised freedom of : person, conscience, speech, assembly, union He also agreed in the Manifesto to call the Duma or Russian law making body into session. He also agreed in the Manifesto to call the Duma or Russian law making body into session. Nicholas II lied to the Russia people and then had Peter Stolypin Nicholas II lied to the Russia people and then had Peter Stolypin arrest and kill troublemakers. However, to regain the trust of the peasants Nicholas II introduce reforms. However, to regain the trust of the peasants Nicholas II introduce reforms.

28. Czar Nicholas II was not a well trusted czar.

29. Show unification of Europe map from CD Show unification of Europe map from CD