2. Essential Questions 1.What national issues emerged in the process of closing the western frontier? 2.Why does the West hold such an important place in the American imagination? 3.In what ways is the West romanticized in American culture?

3. Main Tensions Native Americans Buffalo Hunters Railroads U. S. Government CattlemenSheep Herders RanchersFarmers

4. Main Tensions Ethnic Minorities Nativists Environmentalists Big Business Interests [mining, timber] Local Govt. Officials Farmers Buffalo Hunters Lawlessness of the Frontier “Civilizing” Forces [The “Romance” of the West]

6. Why did conflict arise with Natives? Settlers needed land Railroad made settling practical Native American way of life land- intensive Reservations meant to be temporary

7. Western Tribes to Know Southwest region (AZ, NM): Apache, Navajo, Hopi Texas: Comanche SW Colorado: Ute NE Colorado & Nebraska: Arapaho, Pawnee, Cheyenne North Dakota: Sioux Montana: Blackfeet, Crow Idaho, E. Oregon: Nez Perce Range of Plains Indians (closely tied to Buffalo)

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Maps/Figs/Tables, 17–8

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Maps/Figs/Tables, 17–9 Map 17.1: Major Indian-White Clashes in the West 1864---Sand Creek, Colorado 1866 --Fetterman Massacre 1874---1876 Red River War 1876---Battle of Little Big Horn 1877---Massacre of Chief Dull Knife 1886---Skeleton Canyon 1890---Wounded Knee

10. Sand Creek, Colorado 1858—Gold rush in Nevada and Colorado Over 100,000 miners rushed to Indian areas of eastern Colorado Indians, facing starvation from depletion of their food sources, Indians left reservation lands and raided nearby settlements for food Militia groups attacked Indians in retaliation; Indians retaliated by attacking travelers along the Platte River Colorado issued orders for citizens to kill all hostile Indians on sight—result was Sand Creek

11. Colonel John Chivington- leader of militia Kill and scalp all, big and little! Sandy Creek, CO Massacre November 29, 1864 Killed peaceful group of Indians, including women and children

12. Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867) 2 nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868) Reservation Policy

13. Indian Reservation Policy The massacre at Sand Creek (and also Fetterman’s Massacre in Wyoming) set off a national discussion about Indian and Reservation policy. Treaties of Medicine Lodge Creek and of Ft. Laramie, signed by some but not all tribes, required Indians to live on reservation lands in exchange for some money and supplies. Board of Indian Commissioners set up by Congress to Christianize Indians and teach them farming.

14. Gold Found in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory! 1874 1874

15. The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 Chief Sitting Bull--Sioux Gen. George Armstrong Custer

16. Chief Joseph I will fight no more forever! Nez Percé tribal retreat (1877)

17. Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause Geronimo, Apache Chief: Hopeless Cause

18. Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881)

19. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Assimilation Policy Carlisle Indian School, PA

20. Arapahoe Ghost Dance, 1890

21. Lifeless Body of Chief Big Foot Wounded Knee, SD, 1890

22. Western Indian Reservations, 1890 Federal policy sought to confine most Indians to reservations in OK and SD at this time.

23. Indian Reservations Today

24. Crazy Horse Monument: Black Hills, SD Lakota Chief

25. Korczak Ziolkowski, Sculptor Crazy Horse Monument His vision of the finished memorial.

26. From the last words of Crazy Horse We had buffalo for food, and their hides for clothing and for our teepees. We preferred hunting to a life of idleness on the reservation, where we were driven against our will. At times we did not get enough to eat, and we were not allowed to leave the reservation to hunt. We preferred our own way of living. We were no expense to the government. All we wanted was peace and to be left alone. Soldiers were sent out in the winter, who destroyed our villages. Then “Long Hair” (Custer) came in the same way. They say we massacred him, but he would have done the same thing to us had we not defended ourselves and fought to the last. Our first impulse was to escape with our squaws and papooses, but we were so hemmed in that we had to fight.

27. Mt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SD

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Maps/Figs/Tables, 17–28

30. Map 17.3: Transcontinental Railroads and Federal Land Grants, 1850–1900

31. Promontory Point, UT (May 10, 1869)

32. African American & Chinese Populations: 1880-1900

33. “The Big Four” Railroad Magnates Charles Crocker Mark Hopkins Leland Stanford Collis Huntington

34. Railroads—Big Business Governments lured railroads to their states by offering land to the railroad companies These railroads then sold the land to hopeful homesteaders, both native and immigrant. Some entire villages in Europe were encouraged to migrate.

35. Exploiting the Western Landscape Mining Cattle Trails Farms Oklahoma Land rush

37. Map 17.5: The Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1860–1890

38. Mining Centers: 1900