1. 1 Key terms Sociolect or “social dialect”: linguistic differentiation based upon on membership in a longstanding socially-demarcated group Regional dialect: linguistic differentiation based upon on membership in a longstanding geographically-demarcated group Codification: development of inner form: phonology, lexicon, grammar Elaboration: development of a set of social functions Acceptance: lay loyalty Selection: language is chosen to serve particular functions (approved)

2. 2 Language or Dialect? Functional concerns: the descriptive study of social of language in communication. Structural concerns: variation in the structural system of language.

3. 3 L1 L2 L1 (D4)/L2(Div) http://italian.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/ XJ&sdn=italian&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italica.r ai.it%2Fprincipali%2Flingua%2Fbruni%2Fmappe%2 Fmappe%2Ff_dialetti.htm

4. 4 Language or Dialect? --What are the causes of language differentiation? --Types of dialects: (1) sociolects or “social dialects”: linguistic differentiation based upon on membership in a longstanding socially-demarcated group (2) regional dialects: linguistic differentiation based upon on membership in a longstanding geographically-demarcated group

5. 5 Mutual intelligibility Evaluative (attitudinal) response Regional differentiation Existence of a writing system or literature Language or Dialect?

6. 6 Ferguson: Writing dimensionStandard dimension W0 noneSt0 no appreciable standardization W1 normal purposesSt1 2 versions of language with own standards W2 original research St2 single widely accepted in the physical sciencesnorm W3 translations and resumes Haugen (1966)

7. 7 Typical steps toward standardization or internationalization: Codification -- development of inner form: phonology, lexicon, grammar Elaboration -- development of a set of social functions Acceptance -- lay loyalty Selection -- language is chosen to serve particular functions (approved) Haugen (1966)

8. 8 Intersection of Bello’s concerns with Haugen’s formalization of the process of standardization: -- concerns regarding the writing of grammars : 1. inadequate definitions 2. badly-made classifications 3. application of the rules of Latin --enumeration of forms as if there were “no other language in the world but Spanish” --appeal to logic -- linguistic purity Bello, Andrés (1847) “Grammar of the Spanish Language”, Selected Writings of Andrés Bello

9. 9 Intersection of Bello’s concerns with Haugen’s formalization of the process of standardization: --variation: voseo Y eso era, cachai? “And that’s how it was, you know?” Cómo estai?“How ya doing?” Si necesitaí diez lucas... “If you need twenty bucks...” Bello: “One should not use the pronoun vos because if one is talking about only one person, one should say usted or tú depending on the level of familiarity that we have with said person...But not only does one sin against good use by using vos...but what is even more repugnant and vulgar is using it with the second person singular with verbs...In Chile, the infamous plebes always change the -eis verb endings to -is saying vís, comís, senís...” Bello, Andrés (1847) “Grammar of the Spanish Language”, Selected Writings of Andrés Bello