1. Families and Households

2. Functionalism Organic Analogy Society is like the Human Body Made up of different parts and they all work together to make society Vital role in maintaining social systems No consensus as to what functions are 4 Functions of the Family - Murdock Sex Drive Satisfaction – Reproduction – Socialisation – economic needs Maintains social stability | Universal 2 Functions of the family – Parsons Primary socialisation Stabilisation of adult personalities – Warm Bath theory ConsensusStructural

3. Functionalism Functional fit theory The familial type fits the society it is found within Nuclear = Modern industrial Extended = Pre-industrial society Extended Family Unit of production and consumption Nuclear Family Geographic mobility – the ability to move to find opportunity Social Mobility – able to achieve higher status rather than remaining ascribed as in extended 2 generations 3 generations

4. Marxism Bourgeoisie rule over the proletariat Conflict Structural Own production means Own only their labour All institutions maintenance of exploitation Engels – Rich are monogamous and control wife to ensure riches have an heir Zaretsky - Family is the only distraction from exploitation and alienation UNIT OF CONSUMPTION

5. Feminism Family serves to oppress women Liberal Feminism Equality gradually changing through legal and policy reform Equal pay; changing people attitudes etc. Marxist Feminists Capitalism, is the main source of female oppression Reproduction of Labour Absorption of Anger Reserve army of cheap Labour ConflictStructural

6. Feminism Family serves to oppress women Radical Feminists Men are the enemy Benefit from unpaid labour and sex Men will enforce through violence Patriarchy must be overturned Difference Feminists No all women share the same experience of oppression E.G: White and Black Feminists may have had different experiences ConflictStructural

7. Postmodernism Nuclear family fits needs of society Post-modern age: Fragmentation of culture & lifestyle Free to choose our own culture Rapid Change Life less predictable All modernist theories are metanarratives Relative Therefore Subjective

8. New Right Political view point Biologically diverse society Male vs female divide Families should be self sufficient Lazziez-faire

9. Couples Domestic Division of Labour Resources and decision making Impact of Paid Work Domestic Violence

10. Domestic Division of Labour Instrumental and Expressive roles – Parsons Natural Me n Women Earner Emotio nal New Right Willmott and Young Beneficial to both sexes and wider society Sharing of Roles Feminis ts Division only benefits men

11. Domestic Division of Labour Joint and Separated Conjugal Roles - Bott Joint Separate Willmott and Young Share domestic responsibility Leisure-time also shared Separated domestic responsibility Leisure-time also separated Tradition al Modern Bethnal Green Research (1950) Separated conjugal roles evident

12. Symmetrical family – Willmott and Young March of Progress Improvement for All Members Increase in Joint Conjugal Roles Women working – Majority Part-time Men are assisting domestically Home-centred – Privatised Family More Common among Young Couples Changing Position of Women Geographic Mobility Higher Living Standard New Technology Domestic Division of Labour

13. Little change Patriarchal Society Women occupy subordinate roles Ann Oakley – Once a week doesn’t justify symmetry No overall symmetry only 15/100 helped at home 25/100 helped with childcare ‘Taking an interest’ Mothers left with harder aspects of childcare Women forced out of Paid Work – Industrialisation Economic Dependence 20 th Centaury – Working but low paid Feminism vs. March of Progress View

14. Impact of Paid Work 75/100 of married/cohabiting women working ‘New Man’ doing his fair share? Dual burden for women? OROR Trend towards Equality – Gershauny did not work: 83 worked part- time: 82 worked full-time: 73 Women that Housework /100 Values adapting over time Optimisti c

15. Impact of Paid Work The commercialisation of housework Housewife goods and services, commercialised Ready meals, fast-food etc Decreases the amount of work to do Working women have the means to buy Family becomes unit of consumption Burden decreases Not an option for less affluent Doesn’t account for division of labour

16. Impact of Paid Work Dual Burden and Triple Shift No evidence of ‘new man’ = Dual Burden Men benefit from a women’s earnings and domestic servitude Ferri and Smith: increased employment did not see shift in division of labour Out of 1,539 33yo couples fewer than 4% took primary responsibility for childcare Unemployed men avoided domestic work Full time day-care for many, essential Accessible by middle and upper class Poor cannot afford Triple Shift – Labour of love Paid, Domestic and Emotional Work

17. Homosexual couples Gender Scripts Division continues because of gender script Norms ingrained on people in heterosexual relationships They are told what to do/expect In Lesbian relationships, gender scripts to not operate in the same way Equal importance for both careers Describe their relationships as equal Share domestic responsibility View Childcare positively Tasks are not linked to a particular script

18. Resources and Decision-Making Division surrounding resources and decision making Linked to the earner – who controls income Men gain more from women’s work than the financial support they provide ‘strings attached’ Sharing not equal, women put themselves last Graham (1984) – Better off on Benefits Women better to be on benefits than relying on men

19. Decisionmaking and Paid Work Greater contribution = Greater share Different methods of financial control Pooling – Money is shared – Joint responsibility Allowance – Money is given to one party – separated responsibility Modern – Used increasing Traditional Decision Ranking Very Important – Husband Only / final say Important – Joint Less Important – Wife

20. Domestic Violence Dobash & Dobash: Violence is the result of challenging authority Men dominate the state Men are the oppressors Under reporting – 1/3 assaults reported Under recording – Police are unwilling to investigate domestic violence Lack of Resources Children, Lower Classes, drug users At risk Privatisation of family

21. Childhood Position improved? As a Social Construct Future of Childhood Historical Change

22. Social Construct Different as a result of cultural and class differences… Cross Cultural E.G: Benedict (1934) Non-industrial simple society: Harder working, Less emphasis on obedience Sexual behaviours are different In the West: Special Different from adults Elongated period of socialisation Cunningham: Children are the opposite of adults

23. Historical Changes Children were seen as no different from adults Work begun from early age Shorter – attitudes were different due to high mortality rate Encouraged indifference & neglect

24. Modern Childhood Emerged after 13 th century Schools began to specialise in teaching the young Church began to see children as fragile Clothing changes – children’s clothing

25. Why Position changed Lower infant mortality rates – financial & emotional investment Specialist knowledge of children’s health - paediatricians Laws banning child labour - economic assets now liability Financial dependence Compulsory schooling - created a period of dependency separated adults & children Child protection - emphasised vulnerability Children’s rights - gives parent’s responsibilities Social behaviour law - minimum ages etc Industrialisation caused this as we needed an educated workforce

26. Has Position improved? March of Progress Children are better cared for Higher infancy survival rights Higher living standards Protected from harm & exploitation Conflict Inequalities among children Gender, Class, Ethnic differences Age Patriarchy – Adults supress children Resistance – acting older

27. The Future Children are becoming more like adults – Postman TV Culture – More info available – rise of TV and 24/7 media Opie and Opie – Separate child culture | childhood is spreading Toxic childhood – junk food + tv + intensive marketing Youth league tables are low

28. Demography Births Deaths Migration

29. Births Birth rate is the number of births per 1k people Steadily falling Three baby-booms WWI/II & 1960S More women remaining childless Women are having children later Greater lifespan Reasons for decline Changes in position of women Fall in infant mortality Children are an economic liability Child-centeredness

30. Deaths Stable since 1900s WWI/II being the exception Death rate halved by ’07 Better nutrition Medical improvements Social changes

31. Migration Movement of people 4960-1990 severe restrictions on non-white immigration Push factors – unemployment/recession Pull factor – higher wages and opportunities

32. Changing Family Patterns Marriage | Divorce Partnerships Parenting Theoretical perspective

33. Divorce 40/100 marriages end in divorce Legal - Not the only solution – Legal seperation & desertion 1969 – No longer had to apportion blame Less stigma – Divorce much more common Secularisation – People marry for happiness not religion Not meeting expectation – Expecting more Change in pos of women - No longer economic need to marry

34. Partnerships Less marriages Changing attitudes – less pressure Alternatives – Cohabitation & living apart Female economic independence – No need to rely on men impact of feminism - marriage = patriarchal institution rising divorce rates Re-marriage – More are re-marring post divorce later marriages - living later so marrying later Cohabitation – Living together; not married Trial marriage Alternative

35. Parenting Over 40/100 born out of marriage Cohabitation More remaining childless Lone-Parent families – ¼ of all families More reconstituted families Increase in re-marriage More black lone-parent families Larger Asian households Step

36. Theory Neo-conventional family Nuclear dominant but diversity increased BOTH Spouses work People still aspire to become nuclear Rapports: 5 of diversity Organisational Cultural Class Life-cycle Generational

37. Theory Beck: risk society More choice individualism Greater gender equality Negotiated family – varies according to members’ wishes Post-MOD vs NR diversity allows people to choose relationship to suit needs Family covers many forms

38. FunctionalistNew RightNew Labour Marxist Feminist Social Policy The state must act in interest of citizens ‘March of Progress’ Rugged Individualism Laissez-faire Opposes diversity Welfare undermines self-reliance Means tested benefits Not universal More accepting of diversity Land – Policies reproduce family structures Social policy attempts to reinforce the need for capitalism Women made to work when needed and care was provide Post war – no care and have to look after kids Social policy defined and shaped to fit the needs of men By doing so, government reproduce Patriarchy