1. The World After World War I: Nationalism and Revolution in Imperialized Nations III. The Case of China The Civil War Begins

2. Qing Dynasty at end of 18 th c. Western Scramble for Chinese Land 1. Unequal treaties grant territories 2. Negotiate spheres of influence 3. Made deals with provincial tyrannical warlords in interior to grant exclusive trading, mining and railroad building

3. Flag of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty (from 1890-1928) Below: Emperor Guangxu (1875-1908) By 1899, problems existed that would lead to collapse of dynasty. Political Economic Not able to stand up to foreign aggression: R/J/G Social -Poverty of rural peasants -high taxes of provincial warlords -anti-Western sentiments -resistance to the movement to transform rural, traditional China -unequal changes btwn coastal areas and interior As China grows weaker, imperialists take more advantage, which in turn makes Qing (Manchu) Dynasty even weaker!

4. After Boxer Rebellion, Empress Dowager Cixi “embraces” reforms: -education -gov’t -legal system Set up leg assemblies and held elections in 1910, but… Reforms did not include any relief for those under economic stress Made up of new elite: merchants, professionals, reformists, progressive gentry BUT had no real power to make laws Still under the control of the warlords, living under horrible conditions and paid increasingly high taxes 1908: Empress Cixi dies 2 days after Emperor Guangxu (who Cixi put under house arrest) dies “Last Emperor” = Henry Puji = infant 1911: dynasty collapses after uprising in central Asia of followers of Sun Yat-Sen (who is travelling in US at the time!)

5. Sun Yat-Sen (Sun Yixian in your textbook) “The Father of Modern China” Cantonese peasant, educated in Hawaii to be a doctor, returned to China but focused attentions on strengthening China Vision: Plan: Platform: Problem: Make China follow pattern of Western Democracies Stage 1. Military take over of govt Stage 2. transitional phase where revolutionary party, led by him would prepare China for next stage Stage 3: final stage – Constitutional democracy “NATIONALISM, DEMOCRACY, LIVELIHOOD” -no military support -no political strength -main support was from the small, but emerging urban middle class who wanted immediate Western liberal democratic reforms -country mostly rural peasants who did not support Sun’s party

6. A Selection from the Revolutionary Alliance Program (1905, Tokyo) …we proclaim to the world outline of the present revolution and the fundamental plan for the future administration of the nation. 1. Drive out the Tartars: The Manchus… conquered China and enslaved our Chinese people. The extreme cruelties and tyrannies of the Manchu government have now reached their limit. With the righteous army poised against them, we will overthrow that government, and restore our sovereign rights… 2. Restore China: China is the China of the Chinese. The Chinese government should be in the hands of the Chinese. After driving out the Tartars we must restore our national state. 3. Establish the Republic: Now our revolution is based on equality, in order to establish a republican government. All our people are equal and all enjoy political rights. The president will be publically chosen by the people of the country. The Parliament will be made up of members publically chosen by the people of the country. A constitution of the Chinese Republic will be enacted, and every person must abide by it. 4. Equalize land ownership: The good fortune of civilization is to be shared equally by all the people of the nation. We should improve our social and economic organization, and assess the value of all the land in the country. Its present price shall be received by the owner, but all increases in value resulting from reform and social improvements after the revolution shall belong to the state, to be shared by all the people, in order to create a socialist state, where each family within the empire can be well supported, each person, satisfied, and no one fail to secure employment. What type of socio-political system does Sun Yat-Sen want for China? How do you you think the US would respond to the ideas in point 4?

7. Who becomes the leader after the collapse of dynasty? Unpopular Military dictator Dies in 1916 leaving a power vacuum Above: The warlords that wreaked havoc on Chinese peasants. Because of their policies and actions, peasants were terrorized and exploited—rape, pillage, plunder--forced to pay taxes up to 30 years in advance, for their “protection and safety. Left: Gen. Yuan Shikai, (1911- 1916) Gen. Yuan Shikai Traditionalist, reformers, peasants hated him -terror & murder -destroyed democratic institutions -military warlords seized local power and reigned destruction, corruption, misery, down on peasants -fought for control of Beijing

8. What is China’s international standing in 1916? Shantung Peninsula Treaty of Versailles Shantung Peninsula China declared war on Germany in 1917 in order to gain a place at the post-war bargaining table. Wanted to regain control over the vital Shantung Peninsula and to reassert its strength before Japan. At Versailles, struggled bitterly to stake of their respective claims on the peninsula. Japan gave in on the racial-equality clause in the treaty in return for control over Germany’s possessions. China got nothing. China refused to sign it. A huge demonstration of professors and students was held in Tiananmen Square on May 4, 1919, protesting the peace treaty. “Down with European imperialists!” “Boycott Japan!” Manchuria "When the news… reached us we were greatly shocked. We… awoke to the fact that foreign nations were still selfish and militaristic… they were all great liars.”

9. The Gradual slide into Civil War Leader: Sun Yat-Sen Flag of CCP Guomindang (GMD) (Nationalists) [Kuomintang = old spelling in textbook] Formed in Shanghai in 1921, by young radicals and several faculty/staff members from Beijing U. Advised by Comintern, who told them to link up with the Nationalists Communist Party (CCP) (Comintern lead) Sought help to unite and strengthen country, but anti- imperialist position alienated the West Needed help Right: Comintern sent Mikhail Borodin to organize the CCP and assist the GMD “Five Races Under One Union” (from 1912-1928) red for Han yellow for Manchus blue for Mongols white for Huis and Uyghurs black for Tibetans

10. Nationalists and Communists Cooperation with mutual suspicion Nationalists Agreed to an alliance in 1923 in order to fight the warlords and drive out the imperialists Mobilized and trained forces Helped plan the Northern Expedition (1926) Communists Northern Expedition: -Marched into north from Canton and wrested power from warlords -Within a year, controlled all of southern part of China and parts of Wuhan/Shanghai -victories surprised everyone Above: The National Revolutionary Party marches north into British Territory

11. Above left: Sun Yat-Sen’s funeral train. Below left: Sun Yat- Sen’s funeral in Nanjing. Above Right: Jiang Jieshi, Sun Yat-Sen’s brother-in-law, became new leaders of the GMD. His leadership as General during the Northern Expedition made him the clear and expected successor. The Changing of the Guard Sun Yat-Sen dies in 1925

12. Nationalists and Communists Alliance ends, civil war begins Nationalists 1927: Strikes against CCP in Shanghai 1928: founds new republic in Nanjing Communists Leader: Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) 1927: CCP falls back into central China, tries to stand ground “The Japanese are a disease of the skin, but the Communists are a disease of the heart.”

13. Mao Zedong advocates for Chinese Communism During my recent visit to Hunan I made a firsthand investigation of conditions in five countries. In a very short time, in China’s Central, Southern, and Northern provinces, several hundred million peasants will rise like a mighty storm, like a hurricane, a force so swift and violent that no power, however great, will be able to hold it back. They will smash all the trammels [restraints] that bind them and rush forward along the road to liberation. They will sweep all the imperialists, warlords, corrupt officials, local tyrants, and evil gentry into their graves. Every revolutionary comrade will be put to the test, to be accepted or rejected as they decide… The main targets of attack by the peasants are the local tyrants, the evil gentry and the lawless landlords, but in passing they also hit out against patriarchal ideas and institutions, against the corrupt officials, in the cities and against bad practices and customs in the rural areas… Every revolutionary comrade should know that the national revolution requires a great change in the countryside. The Revolution of 1911 did not bring about this change, hence its failure. This change is now taking place, and it is an important factor for the completion of the revolution. Every revolutionary comrade must support it. Mao Zedong, Report to the CCP Central Committee (1926) Who does Mao consider to be the support-base of the revolution? Why? How does this contradict traditional Marxist theory?

14. Jiang Jieshi’s Quest Root out the Communist “disease of the heart”

15. Jiang Jieshi’s Plan for a New China Based on Sun Yat-Sen’s Three Principles China… needs a republican government just as much as a boy needs school. As a schoolboy must have good teachers and helpful friends, so the Chinese people, being for the first time under republican rule, must have a farsighted revolutionary government for their training. This calls for the period of political tutelage, which is a necessary transitional stage from monarchy to republicanism. Without this, disorder will be unavoidable. Jiang Jieshi’s program for “political tutelage (1928) What are the problems of China in 1928? What direction does Jiang Jieshi want to take the country in? What actions do you think Jiang Jieshi needs to take to ensure this new China is established?

16. Above: Chinese students learning to type Below: Shanghai in the 1930s Increase in modernization reforms Much gov’t support went to urban areas and the middle class -roads and railroads -established banking and education system Above: Western medicine became more popular.

17. In 1937, Japan Invaded China. The Chinese Communist and Nationalist parties tempo- rarily ceased hostilities to fight the Japanese. China’s political future would have to wait until after WW II.

18. Reluctant and distrustful allies, Jiang and Mao