1. AP Biology 2006-2007 Chapter 15.3 Evidence of Evolution Dodo bird

2. AP Biology Fossil Record  The fossil record is incomplete but provides some evidence about the history of the earth.  Fossils can show the progression of ancient, primitive organisms to modern day forms. TrilobiteLeaf

3. AP Biology  Fossil Record: The history of life on Earth can be partially constructed by dating (age) and comparing fossils - Relative Dating: approximate age based on position on the rock layers - Absolute Dating: Exact age determined by radioactive dating

4. AP Biology Extinct: Trilobite (crustacean) Ammonite (mollusc) Similar to present-day species: still around FishScallop (mollusc)

5. AP Biology Comparative Anatomy A. Homologous structures: Homologous structures develop from the same tissues, but have different forms with different functions. Same origin -- different form/function  The similarity is due to having derived from the same common ancestor. Example: Bone structure of arms and legs in all vertebrates.

6. AP Biology B. Analogous Structures: Different origin but have similar function

7. AP Biology Vestigial structures  Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function  remnants of structures that were functional in ancestral species  evidence of change over time  some snakes & whales show remains of the pelvis & leg bones of walking ancestors  eyes on blind cave fish  human tail bone

8. AP Biology  Hind leg bones on whale fossils Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures?

9. AP Biology Comparative embryology  Similar embryological development in closely related species  all vertebrate embryos have a gill pouch at one stage of development  fish, frog, snake, birds, human, etc.

10. AP Biology Molecular record  Comparing DNA & protein structure  universal genetic code!  DNA & RNA  cytochrome C (respiration)  protein structure  hemoglobin (gas exchange)  protein structure Evolutionary relationships among species are documented in their DNA & proteins. Closely related species have sequences that are more similar than distantly related species.

11. AP Biology Comparative hemoglobin structure Number of amino acid differences between hemoglobin (146 aa) of vertebrate species and that of humans Number of amino acid differences between hemoglobin (146 aa) of vertebrate species and that of humans 1002030405060708090100110120 LampreyFrogBird Dog MacaqueHuman 32845 67 125

12. AP Biology Building “family” trees Closely related species (twigs of tree) share same line of descent until their recent divergence from a common ancestor

13. AP Biology  VIEW: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/libr ary/07/3/real/l_073_47.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/libr ary/07/3/real/l_073_47.html

14. What data from whole genome sequencing can tell us about evolution of humans

15. Macroevolution – evolution on a large scale (above population level)

16. How fast is evolution? How fast do organisms change? Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium

17. Gradualism Organisms go through gradual and continuous change

18. Punctuated Equilibrium Organisms go through fast periods of change, followed by long periods of no change (according to fossil record)

19. Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium

20. Patterns of Evolution: 1. Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution: When 2 or more unrelated species become more similar due to similar adaptations to their environment.

21. Convergent evolution Flight evolved 3 separate times –evolving similar solutions to similar “problems”

22. Divergent Evolution: when related species become more different as they adapt to different environments Divergent evolution leads to Adaptive Radiation Patterns of Evolution: 2. Divergent Evolution-Adaptive Radiation

23. Adaptive Radiation Process by which a single species or small group of species evolved into several different forms that live in different ways

24. Coevolution Predator-prey relationships Parasite-host relationships Flowers & pollinators Process by which two species evolve in response to each other over time