1. What is the route of a sperm cell?
Testes (2, contained in the scrotum)
Epididymis (convoluted tube for sperm maturation)
Vas deferens (ascends through spermatic cord)
Seminal vesicles (glands producing seminal fluids)
Ejaculatory ducts (conduct seminal vesicle fluids to urethra)
Prostate gland (gland contributing to semen)
Bulbourethral gland (gland contributing to semen)
Urethra - penis (transport for semen and copulatory organ)

2. What is the route of a sperm cell?

3. Testes originate in the abdominal cavity, so how do they get into the scrotum?

4. What are the important features of testes?
Small organs with exocrine and endocrine function Which products are which?
Covered with tunica albuginea
Connective tissue enters testes forming septa
Septa form lobules
Seminiferous tubules and stroma within lobules. Interstitual cells (Leydig cells) in the stroma = testosterone

5. What are the important features of testes?
Seminiferous tubules contain 2 primary cell types
1) Germ cells that go through spermatogenesis (see 28.4)
2) Sertoli (otherwise known as sustenacular or nurse cells)
Sperm cells (spermatozoa) are released and move to epididymis)

6. Why an epididymis rather than a simple duct?
Seminiferous tubules empty into epididymis
Sperm cells mature here and await release via ejaculation
Epididymitis inflammation of the epididymis due to infections
Spermatocoele epididymis engorged with sperm cells (may follow a vasectomy

7. How does meiosis relate to spermatocytes?

8. What comprises the spermatic cord?

9. What is the role of the prostate gland?

10. When/where does semen enter the urethra?

11. What are the necessary components for reproduction?
1) Gonads (ovaries -- create sex cells)
2) Ducts (fallopian tubes -- conducting gametes)
3) Uterus (provides for development of baby)
4) Vagina (receive sperm, allows birth)
5) Breasts (provide nourishment for infant)

12. What is the route of an egg (oocyte)?

13. What are the external female anatomical structures?

14. Gender and Genitals?!?

15. Adrenogenital syndrome
What target tissue(s) & response for adrenal androgens?
Adrenal androgens (ex. Androstenedione) are converted enzymatically into more potent androgens such as testosterone.
In males this has minimal effect compared to testosterone secretion. During development hypersecretion of these adrenal androgens can play an important role in genital development.
Adrenogenital syndrome

16. How do uterine structures relate to function?

17. How does meiosis relate to oocytes?

18. How do vaginal structures relate to function?

19. How does conception occur?

20. How do the sperm and egg unite?

21. How does a new life make maternal connections?
Blastocyst must implant in the uterus forming the placenta

22. How is the placenta formed?
Cells from the trophoblast form 2 populations: cytotropho-blast & syncytiotropho-blast
“Syn” tissue invades endometrium
Maternal vessels eroded forming lacunae

23. What is involved with lactation?
sinus