2.  Parasite  Host  Definitive host  Intermediate host  Infective stage  Diagnostic stage  Vector  Life cycle

3.  Protozoa: single-celled organisms “Multiply in human host”  Helminthes: multicellular worms “Do not normally multiply in human host”

4. Amoeba: Entamoeba histolytica Acanthamoeba Species Naegleria Species Flagellates: Giardia lamlia Trichomonas vaginalis Trypanosoma species Leishmania species

5. Ciliates: Balantidium coli Coccidia: Blood and tissue coccidia: Plasmodium species Toxoplasma gondii Intestinal coccidia: Isospora belli Cryptosporidium parvum

6. Trematodes (Flukes): Schistosoma species Paragonimus species Fasiolopsis buski Cestodes (Tapeworms): Taenia species Echinococcus granulosus Diphyllobothrium latum Hymenolepis nana (less important)

7. Nematodes (Roundworms): Intestinal nematodes: Ascaris lumbricoides Enterobius vermicularis Tricuris trichiura Strongyloides stercoralis Ancylostoma duodenale Filarial and other tissue nematodes: Wuchereria bancrofti

9. General lab. Safety: 1- Wear lab coats, gloves, 2- Don’t eat or drink 3- Carefully handle the samples, because it’s contagious 4- Containers must be labeled probably and after used closed very well 5- How to dispose wastes 6- Cleaning 7- Safety equipments

10. Lab coat Gloves

11. Mainly we deal with stool as a general specimen We can receive also : 1- urine, in case of S.haematobium, S.mansoni, T.vaginalis. 2- Blood, in case of Plasmodium spp, trypanosoma, W.bancrofti. 3- Vaginal discharge, in case of T.vaginalis. 4- Sputum, in case of Paragonimus spp.

12. 5- CSF, in case of Trypanosoma spp, Naegleria. 6- Bone Marrow, in case of L.donovani. 7- Lymph Gland Aspirate, in case of Trypanosoma spp, L. donovani. 8- Liver Aspirate, in case of E.histolytica, L. donovani. 9- Biopsies: - Skin, in case of Leishmania spp, D. medinensis. - Muscles, in case of Trichinella. 10- Duodenal Aspirate, in case of G. lamblia, S. stercoralis. 11- Rectal Scraping, in case of E.histolytica, Schistosoma spp.

13.  Precautions  Containers  Request form  Time of examination  Macroscopic examination  Microscopic examination

18.  Color : normally brown not pale or dark.  Consistency: whether formed, semi formed, unformed, watery.  Composition: Presence of mucus, blood and or Pus  Odor  Whether the specimen contains worms, part of the worm(segments), larva.

19.  Wet mount : Either saline or iodine: usually we see the Cyst stage, we loose the trophozoite because it’s a fragile stage. We use 2 clean glass slides: in the first 1 drop of saline and in the other drop of iodine then by wooden stick take a small part of sample mix, cover then examine after removing your gloves.

21. Saline smearIodine smear saline Iodine 1% Huge number of eggs Trophozoites : by their motility Huge number of eggs Cysts : as the iodine stains the details. Disadvantages: The trophozoites are rapidly killed by iodine and therefore become unidentifiable

22.  Serological tests: ELISA, Passive haemoagglutination test: these tests deals with serum Ag and Ab’s.  Molecular tests: PCR, most commonly used in researches.