1. U.S. History (1878-Present) 2013-2014: Test Blueprint

2. 1878-1900: Transformation of the United States RECONSTRUCTION 13 th Amendment Abolished Slavery (Freed the slaves) 14 th Amendment: Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection 15 th Amendment: Provided universal Male suffrage (All men the right to vote) Jim Crow Laws: Laws that were enacted by states to establish racial segregation Black Codes: attempt to keep slaves in pre-Civil War status – controlled movement, behavior, job possibilities Ku Klux Klan: Terrorist groups that used violence and intimidation against African Americas in order to dominate them. Immigration and Westward Expansion Reasons for immigration and settlement patterns: Two types of factors lead to immigration. Push factors compel people to leave their homes. These include famine, war, and persecution. Pull factors, such as economic opportunities or religious freedom, draw people to a new place. Inexpensive land and employment opportunities were examples of pull factors. New Immigrant groups versus old immigrant groups: New Immigrants: immigrants from southern and eastern Europe Chinese Exclusion Act: This law severely limited Chinese immigration into the US, it made provisions for types of workers allowed and barred families from joining existing immigrants." Nativism: 1840s, nativists, people who believed that other races, nationalities or religions were inferior, argued for restricted immigration. Nativists feared the new immigrants would pollute the predominate Protestant culture of the U.S., as well as take jobs from native-born Americans. Americanization: Americanization occurred when Progressives encouraged everyone to follow white middle-class ways of life. Immigrant experience: With the growth of cities came a number of problems. Cities were filthy and trash-filled. Most urban workers lived in overcrowded, low-cost multifamily housing called tenements. With few windows and little sanitation, they were unhealthy and dangerous places. Ellis Island: Beginning in 1892, most European immigrants were processed at Ellis Island in New York Harbor. Melting Pot: Peoples from various cultures come to America and contribute aspects of their culture to create a new, unique American culture. Reservations: By the late 1860s, Indians were forced to live on reservations, where they lacked adequate resources. Assimilation: The concept that eventually immigrants or their decedents adopt enough of the American culture that while they may retain aspects or traditions of their cultural heritage, they are identifiable as uniquely "American". Wounded Knee: 1890 Sioux women, children, elderly massacred Dawes Act: The Dawes Act of 1887 tried to Americanize Indians by abolishing all tribes, and giving former members 160- acre farms (on the reservation) that they would own outright after 25 years. Dawes Act ran counter to Native American perspective toward land ownership. (Communal lifestyle and open use of lands- Native American view) Red Cloud and his cooper Union speech: Red Cloud- Sioux chief, led lengthy campaign against US Army; force onto reservation, accepted need to assimilate. Quanah Parker: Quannah Parker- Comanche chief, last of Plains tribes to surrender to reservation life, helped tribe assimilate yet retain native beliefs. *Chief Joseph and his I Will Fight No More speech: The Nez Percés were captured just short of the border and relocated to a barren reservation in Oklahoma. Their leader, Chief Joseph, traveled twice to Washington, D.C., to lobby for mercy for his people.

3. 1878-1900: Transformation of the United States Industrialization John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller controlled almost 90% of oil-related business in the nation. He was so powerful, he was able to force even the huge railroad companies to give him special rates. Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie emigrated to America with almost nothing. He ended up one of the richest men ever, controlling most of American steel production in the early 1900s. Gospel of Wealth Carnegie wrote and acted upon a philosopher that those with wealth had a duty to use money to address the needs of the poor and society. Vertical Integration John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and other businessmen also increased their power by gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of a product’s development. Thomas Edison new inventions: Thomas Edison received more than 1,000 patents for new inventions. Alexander G. Bell new inventions: telephone Bessemer Process The Bessemer process created strong but lightweight steel that made possible innovations, including skyscrapers and suspension bridges. Muckrakers *Ida Tarbell: "History of Standard Oil Company" (1904) Exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil Company through a series of articles published in McClure's Magazine.History of Standard Oil Company *Muckrakers were members of the press that investigated corruption in order to expose problems to the American people. Muckrakers *Upton Sinclair Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle revealed the unsafe and unsanitary conditions of Chicago meatpacking plants. Changes in government policy on child labor, wages, and working conditions The government also encouraged laissez faire policies, which allowed business to operate under minimal government regulation. Sherman Anti-trust Act In 1890, Congress passed this act which prohibited monopolies or any business that prevented fair competition. Women’s Suffrage (Right to vote) The struggle for women's suffrage dates back to the early 1800s. By the mid-1800s, women had become organized under the leadership of women such as Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony. Temperance Movement The Temperance Movement begin in the 1820s, and focused eliminating the use of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol consumption was seen as an amoral vice, particularly due to the rise of the saloon industry. Significant reformers Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony- prominent women’s suffrage leader active before and after the Civil War; also co-founder of the Women's Temperance Movement. Significant reformers *Jane Addams Founded the Settlement House Movement with her Hull House in Chicago. This freed public money to be spent for the public good. Significant reformers * Alice Paul A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in politics. *Pullman Strikes 1894 strike against railroad monopoly – 50,000 strike – gov’t brought in to stop *Haymarket Riot Dynamite injures cops – anarchists linked to unions 1. Leads to massive riot – destroys reputation of Knights of Labor Eugene V. Debs leader American Railway Union – tried to help strikers – jailed for 6 months

4. 1890-1920: Transformation of the United States Progressive Movement Direct Primary: Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses. Initiative petition: Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens. Referendum: Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed. Recall: Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office. Williams Jennings Bryan: 3 time failed Democrat candidate – supported by Populists Populist Party wanted free coinage silver/paper money, direct election senators, national income tax, regulate railroads, help farmers Cross of Gold Speech: Republicans want to get rid of Silver – Bryan says US should not be “crucified on a cross of gold” President Theodore Roosevelt’s conservation of the environment: *Roosevelt put millions of acres of forests under federal control. *Roosevelt pushed for passage of the National Reclamation Act. That law gave the government power to build and manage dams and to control where and how water was used. Prohibition: started by temperance movement – to reduce crime, unemployment – led to increase in crime. Al Capone: In Chicago, he was one of the most famous leaders of organized crime of the era. 16 th amendment:: Congress can make income taxes 17 th amendment:: elect direct senators – not by state legislatures – gets rid of manipulated senators 18 th amendment:: prohibited manufacture and sell of alcohol 19 th Amendment: 1920: Womens Suffrage (gave women right to vote) Plessey v. Ferguson Supreme Court – train car rider – pushes case – ruled “separate but equal” is legal – legalized segregation View points of: *Booker T. Washington: founder Tuskegee – blacks better selves through education – be realistic – don’t aim for equality View points of: *W.E.B. Dubois: Founder of the NAACP, and a Harvard-educated professor who focused on the need for a traditional liberal arts education for African-Americans who could then insist upon equal treatment and rights from white society "Talented Tenth" According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks.. View points of: *Marcus Garvey: Preached black solidarity – “back to Africa” movement – black pride Raising racial tensions caused by : *Poll Taxes State laws that required that citizens pay a tax in order to be able to vote. Raising racial tensions caused by : *Literacy Test: State laws that required that citizens demonstrate the ability to read in order to be able to vote. Raising racial tensions caused by : *Disenfranchiseme nt of blacks and poor whites: Disenfranchisement: Ways that kept blacks and poor whites from voting. Ex: Poll Tax, literacy Test and grandfather clauses.

5. 1890 to 1920: Transformation of the United States 1912 Presidential Election President William Taft President and Chief Justice – Roosevelt supported – chunky – Progressive President Former President Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt’s 1912 Progressive Party – Roosevelt said he was as fit as a “Bull Moose” – beat Taft – lost to Wilson Presidential Candidate Woodrow Wilson He believed that monopolies had to be broken up and that the government must regulate business. He believed in competition, and called his economic plan "New Freedom." Presidential Candidate Eugene V. Debs Leader of AFL (American Railway Union) – tried to help strikers (Pullman Strike)– jailed for 6 months Election Issues Trust Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies. Right of women to vote Carrie Chapman Catt in the 1890s. Catt toured the country encouraging women to join the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). 1920 as the Nineteenth Amendment. Women finally had the right to vote for President. Trade tariffs Wilson tried to prevent manufacturers from charging unfairly high prices. He cut tariffs on imported goods, which made foreign goods more competitive in the United States and forced U.S. producers to charge fair prices Good trusts vs. Bad trusts The Progressive Party, it was Roosevelt's party in the 1912 election. He ran as a Progressive against Republican Taft, beating him but losing to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. Impact of the “Bull Moose Party” During the 1912 election, Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican Party vote, allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the election Outcome of the 1912 Election: President Wilson won the election and ended the Progressive Era

6. 1890-1920: Transformation into a World Power Imperialism By the middle of the 1890's the American western frontier was viewed by many as being "closed". This was seen as the fulfillment of the westward expansions started under the banner of "manifest destiny". The public perception of the "closing of the west", along with the philosophy of Social Darwinism, contributed to a desire for continued expansion of American lands and the spreading of American culture. The result was a shift in US foreign policy at the end of the 19th century from a reserved, homeland concerned republic to an active imperial power. Open Door Policy Secretary of State John Hay, September, 1899 - Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market. Annexation of Hawaii 1898: US Annexes Hawaii after a US supported revolution against the Queen Admiral Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon History – US must have modern Navy to protect trade “White man’s burden” phrase taken by poem, used to justify imperialism by claiming it was the duty of superior white civilized nations to colonize and rule developing regions for the benefit of the local people. Impact of imperialism on developing nations Raw materials would be removed from these colonies and sent to the home country. In America there was a surplus of goods. American industrialists would benefit because they could sell their commodities in new colonial markets around the world Actions of the Anti- Imperialist League Anti-Imperialist League-opposed American expansion; believed imperialism violated the principle of republican government based on "consent of the governed" (self-determination);published newspapers and supported political candidates. Role of yellow journalism in Spanish- American War half-truths – sensationalist newspapers try to sell more paper – printed on yellow paper. Randolph Hearst and Joseph PulitzerNY papers. Rise of the United States as a Word Power The United States was abandoning isolationism and emerging as a new power on the global stage. New territorial acquisitions US acquires control of: Puerto Rico, Guam and The Philippines from Spain in the 1898 Treaty of Paris. National insurrections in Cuba and the Philippines tensions were rising between Spain and its colony in Cuba. Cuban patriot José Marti launched a war for independence from Spain in 1895. Many Americans supported the Cubans, whose struggle for freedom and democracy Pres. T. Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy Roosevelt said, "walk softly and carry a big stick." In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin America. Roosevelt Corollary U.S. becomes military policemen of world – South America primarily Pres. William Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy “dollar diplomacy,” which aimed to increase American investments throughout Central America and the Caribbean. was meant to avoid military intervention by giving foreign countries monetary aid(Money) Pres. Woodrow Wilson Moral Diplomacy “moral diplomacy.” Wilson promised that America would work to promote “human rights, national integrity, and opportunity.” Pres. Woodrow Wilson Missionary Diplomacy “Missionary Diplomacy” was the foreign policy of denying recognition to any Latin American government that was hostile to American interests; an extension of the Monroe Doctrine. Military Interventionism gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuba, and made Cuba a protectorate of the United States. construction of the Panama Canal 1903:Panama Canal Zone is acquired following the US backed Panamanian Revolution against Columbia. American Spheres of Influence: Central America, Caribbean & Philippines United States also wanted to increase trade with China. spheres of influence, or zones. Because the United States did not have a zone, this system of privileged access to Chinese markets threatened to limit American trade.

7. 1890-1920: Transformation into a World Power World War 1 WW1 US enters to make “world safe for democracy” – makes money off of trading to both sides Lusitania cruise ship with military supplies sunk by Germans – catalyst for America’s involvement Isolationism The belief that America should focus on domestic issues and disengage from international affairs Transformation from neutrality to engagement President Woodrow Wilson called for Americans to remain impartial (neutrality). However, the brutal German invasion of Belgium swayed American opinion against Germany. Americans also protested when a German submarine, or U-boat, sank the British passenger liner Lusitania. Threats to international trade German U-boats sank U.S. merchant ships full of war supplies Unrestricted submarine warfare Germany blockaded and has inferior navy to Britain, competes by attacking ships secretly The Zimmerman Note German ambassador Zimmerman asks Mexico to fight U.S. in exchange for land – note discovered and published in news.. Next, Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfare against Britain. On April 6, 1917, the United States Congress declared war on Germany. WWI: The Experiences of the war’s homefront Propaganda Women in the workplace World War I had opened up new opportunities for women, African Americans, and Mexican Americans in the work force Marshaling of industrial production the War Industries Board (WIB), headed by Bernard Baruch, regulated all industries engaged in the war effort. The Great Migration Millions of African Americans left the South after World War I to find freedom and economic opportunity in the North. Institution of the Draft Stated that all men between the ages of 20 and 45 had to be registered for possible military service. Used in case draft became necessary. The First Red Scare Widespread fear of suspected communists and radicals thought to be plotting revolution within the United States prompted the first (American) Red Scare. In early 1920, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer mounted a series of raids, known as the Palmer Raids. Suppression of individual liberties Palmer Raids: Police arrested thousands of people, some who were radicals and some who were simply immigrants from southern or Eastern Europe. To many, these actions seemed to attack the liberties that Americans held most dear. President Woodrow Wilsons 14 Points: Self determination and League of nations Wilson’s plan to prevent future wars - freedom of seas, self-determination, League of Nations Reasons to the U.S. to return to Isolationism Return to a isolationism and non-interventionism stance following costly involvement in World War I. U.S. Rejection of the League of Nations A handful of senators known as the “irreconcilables” believed that the United States should not get entangled in world organizations such as the League of Nations.*

8. 1920s & 1930s: Cycles of Boom and Bust Roaring 20’s Describe Modern Forms of Cultural expression: The Harlem Renaissance African-American art, literature, poetry, music movement that attracted whites – pride for community The Jazz Age African Americans who gave the age its jazz. A truly indigenous American musical form, jazz emerged in the South as a combination of African American and European musical styles. “Talkies” (movies with sound) sound that was matched to the action on the screen, and the era of “talkies” was born. Rising Racial Tensions: Resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan In 1915, the Ku Klux Klan was reorganized in Georgia. This violent group, whose leaders had titles such as Grand Dragon and Imperial Wizard, promoted hatred of African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants. Increased lynching's Jim Crow oppression, and the threat of lynching. Tulsa Race Riot Use of poll taxes and literacy tests to disenfranchise blacks and poor whites A wave of immigration inspired nativist politicians to pass laws forcing immigrants to pass a literacy test, and to create a quota system. The quota system set limits on the number of new immi- grants allowed into the United States. Indian Citizenship Act (1924) (1924)- granted full U.S. citizenship to America's indigenous peoples; enacted partially in recognition of the thousands of Indians who served in the armed forces in WWI The Great Depression Causes of economic instability: Overproduction in the agriculture markets Farm prices dropped sharply due to agricultural overproduction; During the war, Europe needed American food products, but now farmers produced too much; prices dropped. Stock market speculation By 1929, it became clear that too much money was being poured into stock speculation. Investors often borrowed money to buy stocks, then sold them to turn a quick profit Buying on Margin Americans were also buying stock on credit. Role of government in the economy He favored big business. He reduced the national debt and lowered taxes to give incentives to businesses. However, Coolidge said and did nothing about the country’s many problems, such as low prices for farm crops, racial discrimination, and low wages. Laissez Faire laissez-faire approach to business, worked to reduce regulations on businesses and to raise protective tariff rates.

9. 1920s & 1930s: Cycles of Boom and Bust The Great Depression Factors contribution to the Great Depression Stock Market Crash A sharp drop in stock prices led to panicked selling. Stock prices bottomed out on Black Tuesday, Dow Jones dropped 50% in one day Bank Failures 1929 to 1941 in which the U.S. economy faltered and unemployment soared. Thousands of banks closed and many businesses failed Overproduction in agriculture manufacturing, and housing market. During the 1920s, revolutionary mass-production techniques enabled American workers to produce more goods in less time. When the Bust happen in the mass supply drove the price of the products down. Consumerism Installment Buying: many workers took advantage of easy credit to buy products: Invention of modern conveniences including the automobile Drove people into debt. Distribution of wealth Industrial workers, whose wages rose steadily, did better than farmers. The owners of companies did even better. They became very rich. In fact, in 1929, the wealthiest 0.1 percent of the population earned about the same amount of money as the bottom 42 percent. However, the people with great wealth could not buy enough goods to keep the economy strong. President Herbert Hoover’s Financial policies led food administration in WWI – wanted to keep America individualism – state help for poverty not federal help Massive unemployment By 1933, almost 25 percent of workers were without jobs.Sometimes a family’s only food came from a bread line, where people lined up for hand- outs from charities or public agencies. Many people were evicted from their homes. The Bonus Army March unemployed World War I veterans known as the Bonus Army marched in protest and set up camps in Washington, D.C. They wanted early payment of a bonus promised them. Congress agreed, but Hoover vetoed the plan. When riots broke out in July 1932, Hoover called in the military. General Douglas MacArthur led army troops against the veterans. Hoovervilles Hoovervilles—makeshift shantytowns of tents and shacks built on public land or vacant lots. Election of 1932 Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget. Economic and social impact of the Great Depression on individuals, families and the nation. Dust Bowl: Many farmers left the area and moved to California to look for work. Because some of these people were from Oklahoma, Dust Bowl refugees became known as Okies. **African American sharecroppers were thrown off the land they had farmed

10. 1920s & 1930s: Cycles of Boom and Bust FDR & the NEW DEAL Expanding Role of government in his first hundred days in office, FDR acted quickly to help the country recover from the Great Depression. Congress passed 15 bills, which became known as the First New Deal. “Relief, Recovery and Reform. FDR’s 1 st Inaugural address and Four Freedoms speech The New Deal had three goals: relief, recovery, and reform. “Relief” meant helping people in great need; “recovery” meant helping businesses; and “reforms” were designed to prevent future depressions. National policies addressing the economic crisis Deficit spending and fiscal policies FDR's administration was based on this concept. It involved stimulating consumer buying power, business enterprise, and ultimately employment by pouring billions of dollars of federal money into the economy even if the government didn't have the funds, and had to borrow money. (SSA) Social Security Administration 1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading. (FDIC) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation A federal agency which insures bank deposits, created by the Glass-Strengall Banking Reform Act of 1933. (WPA) Works Progress Administration The WPA started in May 1935 and was headed by Harold Hopkins. It employed people for 30 hours a week (so it could hire all the unemployed). The Federal Arts Project had unemployed artists painting murals in public buildings; actors, musicians, and dancers performing in poor neighborhood; and writers compiling guide books and local histories. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which built dams in the Tennessee River valley to control floods and to generate electricity, New Deal "Relief, recovery, reform" The first step in FDR's relief program was to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps in April, 1933. The chief measure designed to promote recovery was the National Industrial Recovery Act. The New Deal acts most often classified as reform measures were those designed to guarantee the rights of labor and limit the powers of businesses. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s court packing plan Because the Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation, Roosevelt decided to curb the power of the Court by proposing a bill to allow the president to name a new federal judge for each who did not retire by age 70 and 1/2. At the time, 6 justices were over the age limit. Would have increased the number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority of his own appointees on the court. The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress. Causes and impact of the Dust Bowl A severe drought and overfarming on the Great Plains turned the soil to dust, making farming impossible and creating huge dust storms.

11. 1920s & 1930s: Cycles of Boom and Bust WW2 Appeasement Neutrality Acts U.S. Congress passed a series of laws in the 1930s, in. response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia isolationism and non-interventionism stance following costly involvement in WW1 Lend-Lease Program 1941, Congress approved the Lend-Lease Act. This act gave the President the power to sell, give, or lease weapons President FDR’s “A Date Which Will Live in Infamy” Speech HOME FRONT Mobilization for war Roles of women and minorities in war effort war also provided new opportunities for women and minorities. Many women found jobs, especially in heavy industry. Rationing To ensure that there would be adequate raw materials, such as oil and rubber, for war production, rationing was instituted. Millions of Americans bought war bonds and con- tribute to the war effort Interment Camps after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the federal government moved 100,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast to camps in isolated locations under a policy of internment. Germans and Italian Internment- In addition to Japanese- American citizens freedoms being restricted through forced migration to the camps.. Korematsu v. United States Decision 1944 Upheld the U.S. government's decision to put Japanese-Americans in internment camps during World War II. Major battles, turning points, and key strategies Pearl Harbor 7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II. D-Day Invasion June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of WW2 Manhattan project A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb. Island-hopping American forces in the Pacific followed an island-hopping strategy in a steady path toward Japan. Allied Conference at Yalta General MacArthur Military governor of the Philippines, which Japan invaded a few days after the Pearl Harbor attack. MacArthur escaped to Australia in March 1942 and was appointed supreme commander of the Allied forces in the Pacific. Received the Medal of Honor. General Eisenhower (1870-1969) Served as the supreme commander of the western Allied forces and became chief of staff in 1941. Sent to Great Britain in 1942 as the U.S. commander in Europe. The Holocaust Nazi attempt to kill all Jews, as well as other “undesirables, Allied liberation of concentration camps Many concentration camps were death camps, where prisoners were systematically exterminated. The largest death camp was Auschwitz in Poland. Once the war started, news of the mass killings began to filter to the U.S.. In early 1944, FDR began to respond and established the War Refugee Board, which worked with the Red Cross to save thousands of Eastern European Jews. Nuremburg Trials Nuremberg Trials key leaders of Nazi Germany were brought to justice for their crimes against humanity. War Crimes

12. 1945 to 1975 Beginning of the Cold War Cold WAR Origins of the Cold War and consequences Truman Doctrine 1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism. Division of Berlin Berlin Blockade April 1, 1948 - Russia under Stalin blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West would give the entire city to the Soviets to administer. To bring in food and supplies, the U.S. and Great Britain mounted air lifts which became so intense that, at their height, an airplane was landing in West Berlin every few minutes. West Germany was a republic under Franc, the U.S. and Great Britain. Berlin was located entirely within Soviet-controlled East Germany. “Iron Curtain” Churchill in 1946 declared an "iron curtain" had descended across Eastern Europe. Satellite courtiers Eastern European countries conquered by the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War. Soviet Bloc and Western Bloc Marshall Plan Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. Role of U.S. in formation of the UN & NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Chartered April, 1949. The 11 member nations agreed to fight for each other if attacked. It is an international military force for enforcing its charter. Warsaw Pact To counter the NATO buildup, the Soviets formed this military organization with the nations of Eastern Europe. Also gave Russia an excuse for garrisoning troops in these countries. U.S. military response in the invasion of Korea After WWII, Korea had been partitioned along the 38th parallel into a northern zone governed by the Soviet Union, and a southern zone controlled by the U.S. In 1950, after the Russians had withdrawn, leaving a communist government in the North, the North invaded the South. The U.N. raised an international army led by the U.S. to stop the North. It was the first use of U.N. military forces to enforce international peace. Called a limited war, because the fighting was to be confined solely to the Korean peninsula, rather than the countries involved on each side attacking one another directly. Goals of President JFK’s Administration Pres. Jfk’s Inaugural Address Berlin Wall 1961 - The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression. Bay of Pigs 1961 - 1400 American-trained Cuban expatriates left from Nicaragua to try to topple Castro's regime, landing at the Bay of Pigs in southern Cuba. They had expected a popular uprising to sweep them to victory, but the local populace refused to support them. When promised U.S. air cover also failed to materialize, the invaders were easily killed or captured by the Cuban forces. Many of the survivors were ransomed back to the U.S. for $64 million. President Kennedy had directed the operation. Cuban Missile Crisis October 14-28, 1962 - After discovering that the Russians were building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, the U.S. announced a quarantine of Cuba, which was really a blockade, but couldn't be called that since blockades are a violation of international law. After 6 days of confrontation that led to the brink of nuclear war, Khrushchev backed down and agreed to dismantle the launch sites. Peace Corps Established by Congress in September, 1961 under Kennedy, dedicated Americans volunteered to go to about 50 third-world countries and show the impoverished people how to improve their lives

13. 1945 to 1975 Beginning of the Cold War Cold WAR Continued Government response to communism The goal of another American policy, called containment, was to use American power to help nations resist communism Pres. Eisenhower Eisenhower announced the United States would use force to help any nation threatened by communism. Also he wanted to contain communism for the fear of the DOMINO affect to tack place Army-McCarthy hearings Joseph R. McCarthy, a senator from Wisconsin, also fanned Americans’ fears. He claimed he had a long list of communists in the State Department, McCarthy’s popularity soared. McCarthyism became a catchword for the senator’s vicious style of reckless he went after the United States Army during televised hearings, he lost his strongest supporters and looked dumb The 2 nd Red Scare The Red Scare—public fear that communists were working to destroy America both from within and without— The Rosenberg’s Spy Trial Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were accused of passing secret information about nuclear science to Soviet agents. The Rosenbergs claimed that they were being persecuted because they were Jewish and held unpopular beliefs. They were convicted in a highly controversial trial and executed in 1953. Impact of nuclear proliferation program of mutually assured destruction would prevent the other from actually using the Nuclear weapons. (MAD) Nuclear arms race September 2, 1949, America learned that the Soviets now had an atomic bomb. Truman soon ordered the development of a hydrogen bomb. Some scientists warned that developing the H-Bomb would lead to a perpetual arms race. For the next four decades, the United States and the Soviet Union stockpiled nuclear weapons. Brinkmanship The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War. (MAD) Mutually Assured Destruction Launching of Sputnik October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets. Space Race Involvement in VIETNAM Domino Theory 1957 - It stated that if one country fell to Communism, it would undermine another and that one would fall, producing a domino effect. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution August, 1964 - After the U.S. Navy ship Maddux reportedly was fired on, the U.S. Congress passed this resolution which gave the president power to send troops to Vietnam to protect against further North Vietnamese aggression. The Tet Offensive 1968, during Tet, the Vietnam lunar new year - Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army raiding forces attacked provincial capitals throughout Vietnam, even seizing the U.S. embassy for a time. U.S. opinion began turning against the war. Election of 1968 Kent State & Jackson State student protests Kent State: May 4, 1970 - National Guardsmen opened fire on a group of students protesting the Vietnam War. Jackson State: Police opened fire in a dormitory. Counterculture emphasis on freedom from materialism and the civil rights movement’s questioning of traditional boundaries. The Vietnam antiwar movement’s distrust of authority fostered a spirit of rebellion. known as hippies, contradicted traditional values Expanded television coverage of the war War Powers Act 26 th Amendment

14. 1945 to 1975 Beginning of the Cold War CIVIL RIGHTS Pres. Truman’s decision to desegregate the U.S. armed forces By 1951, Truman’s executive order to desegregate the military NAACP’s attacks Segregation National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Founded in 1909 to improve living conditions for inner city Blacks, evolved into a national organization dedicated to establishing equal legal rights for Blacks. Thurgood Marshall In 1967, appointed the first Black Supreme Court Justice, he had led that NAACP's legal defense fund and had argued the Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case before the Supreme Court. Supreme court Decisions: Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher Sipuel v. Bd. Regents. O.U. (1948)- Supreme Court case requiring acceptance in Law School for black applicant. Supreme court Decisions: George McLaurin McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950)- Supreme Court case banning segregated classrooms in universities. De Jure Segregation De Jure means that there are rules and laws behind it. In 1965, President Johnson said that getting rid of De Jure segregation was not enough. De Facto Segregation De Facto means "it is that way because it just is," or segregation by unwritten custom, was a fact of life. Brown Vs. Board 1954, Brown v. Board of Education challenged segregated public education at all grade levels. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the Brown decision in which the Supreme Court agreed that segregated public schools violated the United States Constitution. The Brown decision overturned the principle of “separate but equal.” The Montgomery Bus Boycott & ROSA PARKS December, 1955 - In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It started the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months. Little Rock Central High School Crisis Little Rock, Arkansas, the governor ordered the National Guard to block nine African American students from entering the high school. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect the students and to enforce the Court’s decision. Oklahoma City lunch counter sit-ins Oklahoma City lunch counter sit-ins (1958) were the first use of this form of civil disobedience in the nation; actions led by Oklahoma activist Clara Luper. Clara Luper Led OKC Lunch Counter Sit Ins (1958) Freedom Rides March on Washington August - 200,000 demonstrators converged on the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr. King's speech and to celebrate Kennedy's support for the civil rights movement. Birmingham church bombings Birmingham Church Bombings (1963)- an act of white supremacist terrorism; killed four girls; marked a turning point in the Civil Rights Movement; prompted passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Public Accommodations Section of the Act This portion of the Act stated that public accommodations could not be segregated and that nobody could be denied access to public accommodation on the basis of race. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Passed by Congress in 1965, it allowed for supervisors to register Blacks to vote in places where they had not been allowed to vote before. Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) An Atlanta-born Baptist minister, he earned a Ph.D. at Boston University. The leader of the Civil Rights Movement and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, he was assassinated outside his hotel room. Malcolm X One-time pimp and street hustler, converted to a Black Muslim while in prison. At first urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was assassinated in February, 1965. SCLC,CORE, and SNCC

15. 1945 to 1979 CIVIL RIGHTS Cesar Chavez Cesar Chavez, who formed the United Farm Workers (UFW). This union implemented a strike and boycott of grapes that secured safer working conditions for migrant farmworkers. Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford & Jimmy Carter The Warren Courts Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Earl Warren used the Court's authority to support civil rights and individual liberties. He authored Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas and Roe v. Wade decisions. The War on Poverty 1965 - Johnson figured that since the Gross National Profit had risen, the country had lots of extra money "just lying around," so he'd use it to fight poverty. It started many small programs, Medicare, Head Start, and reorganized immigration to eliminate national origin quotas. It was put on hold during the Vietnam War. The Great Society Platform for LBJ's campaign, it stressed the 5 P's: Peace, Prosperity, anti-Poverty, Prudence and Progress Goals of (AIM) American Indians & Siege at Wounded Knee was founded in 1968 to ease poverty and help secure legal rights and self-government for Native Americans. In February 1973, AIM took over Wounded Knee, South Dakota, to protest living conditions on reservations. That protest that led to the deaths of two AIM members Changing roles of Women The role of housewife was seen as the proper one for women, but many women found it deeply unsatisfying. Those women who did work experienced open and routine discrimination, including being paid less than men. Women’s Liberation Movement The second wave of feminism was born in the 1960s. Inspired by successes of the civil rights movement, women wanted to change how they were treated as a group and to redefine how they were viewed as individuals. NOW National Organization for Women (NOW) Inspired by Betty Frieden, a reform organization that battled for equal rights with men by lobbying and testing laws in court. NOW wanted equal employment opportunities, equal pay, ERA, divorce law changes, and legalized abortion. ERA Equal Rights Amendment: Proposed the 27th Amendment, calling for equal rights for both sexes. Defeated in the House in 1972 Roe Vs. Wade The 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade gave women the right to legal abortions. Detente A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not approve. Watergate Scandal June 1972, burglars broke into the Democratic Party headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington. After their conviction, one of them charged that administration officials had been involved. Nixon denied any wrongdoing Watergate Tapes Nixon refused to turn over secret tapes of Oval Office conversations. He claimed executive privilege, which is the principle that the President has the right to keep certain information confidential. H Pentagon Papers top-secret government study said govermentt had lied to the citizens of the U.S. and the world about its intentions in Vietnam First use of 25 th Amendment Twenty-fifth Amendment, Nixon nominated Gerald Ford to become his new Vice President. Fords Pardon of Nixon Ford lost support when he announced that he had pardoned, or officially forgiven, Nixon for any crimes he might have committed as President. Camp David Accords Peace talks between Egypt and Israel mediated by President Carter. OPEC Oil Embargo Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) placed an oil embargo on Israel’s allies, oil prices skyrocketed. 1979 Hostage Crisis Iranian radicals invaded the U.S. Embassy and took 66 Americans hostage. kept the staff hostage for 444 days, releasing them January, 1981. His failure to win the release of the hostages was viewed as evidence of American weakness.

16. 1980 to Present Ronald Reagan Reaganomics Reagan's theory that if you cut taxes, it will spur the growth of public spending and improve the economy. It included tax breaks for the rich, "supply-side economics," and "trickle down" theory. Supply side economics Reaganomics policy based on the theory that allowing companies the opportunity to make profits, and encouraging investment, will stimulate the economy and lead to higher standards of living for everyone. Argued that tax cuts can be used stimulate economic growth. Move money into the hands of the people and they will invest, thus creating prosperity. Iran-Contra Scandal Reagan’s second term was tarnished by the Iran-Contra affair. In 1985, the United States sold weapons to Iran in exchange for Iran’s promise to pressure Lebanese terrorists to release American hostages, Money from this sale was then used to fund Contras in Nicaragua, despite a congressional ban on such funding. Regan’s “Tear Down This Wall” speech Fall of the Berlin Wall he Cold War came to an end. The Berlin Wall tumbled in November 1989. From 1989 through 1991 Re unification of Germany Collapse of the Soviet Union Gorbachev realized that the Soviet Union could not match the U.S. military buildup. Soviet Union split into 15 independent republics when communism collapsed in 1991. George H.W. Bush (SR) International coalition He worked to build an international coalition, American, British, French, Egyptian, and Saudi forces. Persian Gulf War Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 was one of Bush’s greatest foreign policy challenges. Saddam Hussein, Iraq’s dictator, sought to control Kuwait’s rich oil deposits and increase his power in the region. President Bush made it clear that he would not tolerate Iraq’s aggression against its neighbor. Operation Desert Storm coalition forces attacked Iraqi troops on January 16, 1991. On February 23, coalition forces stormed Kuwait, and within five days, Iraq agreed to a UN cease-fire. Bill Clinton Impact of NAFTA and free trade Zones United States joined with Canada and Mexico to pass the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA created a free trade zone in North America. NATO interventions in the former Yugoslav republics Americans opposed military involvement in foreign affairs, civil war broke out in the former Yugoslav republic of Bosnia, Bosnian Serbs attacked and murdered Muslims and Croats. This state-sanctioned mass murder became known as ethnic cleansing. In 1995, Clinton asked NATO to bomb Serbian strongholds. This intervention brought about a cease-fire, but violence flared in another former Yugoslavian republic. 1993 World Trade Center Attack World Trade Center Attack (1993)- first bomb attack on NYC business structure by foreign terrorists associated with al Qaeda. 1995 bombing of the OKC Murrah Federal Building (1995) domestic anti-government terrorist attack on federal and civilian workers. GEORGE W. BUSH (JR) Attacks of Sept.11, 2001 On September 11, 2001, the United States was attacked by Osama bin Laden’s al Qaeda net- work. USA Patriot Act congress passed the Patriot Act to give law enforcement broader powers to monitor suspected terrorists. Creation of the Department of Homeland Security new Cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security was created to coordinate domestic security matters.