2. Ballad: Poetic form with a strong meter suitable for singing. Generally a story is told. Epic: Poetic form, semi-lyrical, which tell a story (usually of conquest, victory, and triumph). Comedy: Regular Drama; Tragedy: Tragic End Ode: Poetic form with a sense of praise (eulogy) and wonder. Fable: Human drama transported into non-human world (animals, etc.). There is a moral lesson to be learned from it. Fairytale: Human drama transported into non-human world where there is a fantasy to be fulfilled. Parable: a full story told in a short amount of space. Sonnet: Poetic form (14 lines) with a problem and resolution at the end.

3. Genres and communication Every literary text is bound to a genre, providing rules of communication Literary genres form a system of groups of texts defined by sets of conventions or codes, which guide both the writing and reading of texts.

4. Periodization/Genres Renaissance and Reformation Literature:1510-1600 Features Theology, philosophy, science. Example: Christopher Marlowe‘s The Jew of Malta (1563) Revolution and Restoration Literature:1600-1690 Features: after Interregnum, praising monarchy. Example: Edmund Spencer's Faerie Queene (1590-96) Eighteenth-Century Literature: 1700-1780 Features: Enlightenment, Reason, exploration. Example: Daniel Dafoe‘s Robinson Crusoe (1719) Literature of the Romantic Period:1780-1830 Features: Return to nature, supernatural, aesthetics, sublime. Example: William Wordsworth‘s The Prelude (1798-1850) Sanders, Andrew (1996): The Short Oxford History of English Literature. Oxford: Oxford UP.

5. Periodization/Genres High Victorian Literature:1830-1880 Features: fate, luck, struggles of life. Example: Charles Dickens‘ Great Expectations (1861) Late Victorian and Edwardian Literature: 1880-1920 Features: struggle, hardship, poverty. Example: Joseph Conrad‘s Heart of Darkness (1889) Literature of Modernism and its Alternatives:1920-1945 Features: individuality, human struggles, women‘s struggle. Example: D.H. Lawrence‘s Sons and Lovers (1913) Post-War and Post-Modern Literature 1945-1995 Features: Loss of meaning, failures of reason and rationality. Example: Joseph Heller‘s Catch 22(1961) Sanders, Andrew (1996): The Short Oxford History of English Literature. Oxford: Oxford UP

6. Terminologies Theories Broad abstractions of lived reality. Hard to prove or disprove. Models (Ignore) Programmatic, subject to change. Easy to prove or disprove Methods Procedures with which theories can be realized, analyzed. Possible to disprove with another method.

7. Examples “Why fight the ‘natural’ (oh, weaselly word!) order of things? Why? Because of this--one fine day, a purely predatory world shall consume itself. In an individual, selfishness uglifies the soul; for the human species, selfishness is extinction.” ― David Mitchell, Cloud Atlas Theory 1: This text is a prime example of modernist romanticist prose as it reinforces the order of nature. It resists closure and define outcome - a future of modernism. Theory 2: This text is a prime example of postmodenist prose because it ridicules the order of nature, suggesting that it is on a course for self-destruction.

8. Examples - Method “Why fight the ‘natural’ (oh, weaselly word!) order of things? Why? Because of this--one fine day, a purely predatory world shall consume itself. In an individual, selfishness uglifies the soul; for the human species, selfishness is extinction.” ― David Mitchell, Cloud Atlas Method 1: The text consists of metaphors that reveal the savage/sublime elements of nature, such as “purely predatory”; “consume itself”, and “uglifies”. It resists closure because the outcomes is left for open interpretation. Method 2: This text is lyrical, it consists of neologisms such as “uglifies” and “weaselly”.

9. Examples -Method Intertextuality – the meaning of text lies in another text, or a network of texts. Interfigurality – figure/charactar in a text is borrowed from another text