Benefits and Challenges of Crop Rotations in Maize-based Conservation Agriculture (CA) Cropping Systems of Southern Africa By Christian Thierfelder and.

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Presentation transcript:

Benefits and Challenges of Crop Rotations in Maize-based Conservation Agriculture (CA) Cropping Systems of Southern Africa By Christian Thierfelder and Stephanie Cheesman

Outline of this presentation Introduction Biophysical benefits of rotations Economic benefits of rotations and associations Challenges in promotion of rotations and associations Priorities for future interventions

The focus of this talk: Crop rotations and associations Minimal soil movement Surface crop residue retention Crop rotations and associations

Rotations: the most neglected principle of CA CA principle % practicing in 2009/10 season Basin preparation 100 Mulching 51 Rotation 18 24 Districts and wards visited 720 HHs interviewed CA beneficiaries only Source FAO, 2010. CA pre-harvest survey

Rotations: the most neglected principle of CA …..contd. Reasons: Dedication of limited land area to food security crops Marketing of rotational crops and economic considerations Un-availability of seed (GMCCs) Nature of current CA extension – focus more on relief less on recovery Planting patterns - row crops in basin systems Limited information

Some benefits of rotations and associations are known for generations……..! Reduction in pest and diseases Biological N-fixation through leguminous crops ……others are relatively unknown!

Analysis of crop rotations at the Monze Farmer Training Centre, Zambia, 2006-2010 Treatments: Conventionally ploughed control plot (CPM) Direct seeded sole maize (DSM) Direct seeded cotton-maize rotation (DS-CM) Direct seeded cotton-sunnhemp-maize rotation (DS-CSM)

Biophysical benefits of rotations and associations Effects on water infiltration, Monze, Zambia, 2009

Direct seeded: maize Conventional ploughing Direct seeded: maize-cotton Direct seeded: maize-cotton-sunnhemp

Biophysical benefits of rotations and associations Effects on available soil moisture, Monze, Zambia

Biophysical benefits of rotations and associations Effects on soil carbon in the first 10 and 30 cm, Monze, Zambia Treatments Total Ca rbon (%) Change 2005 0-10cm 2008 0-10cm % 2005 0-30cm Conventional ploughing 0.67 0.56 b -16.4 0.58 0.54 c -7.3 DS: maize 0.72 0.76 a +5.6 0.69 0.75 a +9.4 DS: cotton-maize 0.64 0.68 ab +6.3 0.61 0.61 bc +0.6 DS: cotton-sunnhemp-maize 0.68 0.77 ab +13.2 0.63 +8.3

Biophysical benefits of rotations and associations Effects on aggregate stability, Monze, Zambia

Biophysical benefits of rotations and associations Earthworms counts, Monze, Zambia

Biophysical benefits of rotations and associations Effects on maize yield, Monze, Zambia

Economic benefits of rotations and associations Maize-cotton rotation, Monze, Zambia, 2009

Overall Gross Margin (US$ ha-1 year-1), Monze Farmer Training Centre, Zambia [without market for sunnhemp and low market for cotton]

Overall Gross Margin (US$ ha-1 year-1), Monze Farmer Training Centre, Zambia [with market for sunnhemp]

Economic analysis, Malawi, Total Land Care, 2009 Assumptions: Analysis based on 12 TLC/CIMMYT demonstration plots Control: planted in ridge and furrow system CA planted on the flat with dibble stick Legume: Pigeon pea intercrop Herbicide use on CA plots

Why are farmers not adopting rotations? Malawi: Over 70% of cropped land is dedicated to maize Farmer own less than 1 ha land on average Food security considerations more important than income generation Possible solutions: maize-pigeon pea intercropping maize-cowpea intercropping Maize-pigeon pea intercropping

Why are farmers not adopting?…contd. Zambia: Farmer own more land (optimal utilization) Farmers experiment with some cash crops in rotations (cowpea, cotton, groundnuts) but Markets are often not available to sell surplus Unavailability of seed (GMCCs) Possible solutions: Concentration and increased productivity of maize Rotations and GMCCs on remaining land Development of functional markets Maize-cowpea rotation under CA

Priorities for future CA promotion Farm level: Encourage rotations and associations wherever possible Promote growing important cash crops (i.e. groundnuts, cassava, tobacco, cotton etc.) under CA Develop technical bulletins for various rotational crops under CA Identify niches for different rotational crops in the farming systems Growing paprika under CA

Priorities for future CA promotion Policy level: Create an enabling environment for input and out markets to facilitate selling of produce Promote CA not as a “maize only system” but as a whole farming system Support research on rotations and associations for sustainable crop production Rotations with different green manure cover crops in CA

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!