Fig. 3-1

Fig. 3-2 Hydrogen bond  – – H  + + H O — —  + +  + +  + +  – –  – –  – –

Fig. 3-3 Water-conducting cells Adhesion Cohesion 150 µm Direction of water movement

Fig. 3-4

Fig. 3-6 Hydrogen bond Liquid water Hydrogen bonds break and re-form Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable

Fig. 3-6a Hydrogen bond Liquid water Hydrogen bonds break and re-form Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable

Fig. 3-7 Cl – Na Cl – – – – – – – – – Na + – – – +

Fig. 3-9 Neutral solution Acidic solution Basic solution OH – H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ Neutral [H + ] = [OH – ] Increasingly Acidic [H + ] > [OH – ] Increasingly Basic [H + ] < [OH – ] pH Scale Battery acid Gastric juice, lemon juice Vinegar, beer, wine, cola Tomato juice Black coffee Rainwater Urine Saliva Pure water Human blood, tears Seawater 9 10 Milk of magnesia Household ammonia Household bleach Oven cleaner

Fig More acidic 0 Acid rain Acid rain Normal rain More basic