1. In aqueous solution… In aqueous solution… HCl (aq)  H + (aq) + Cl - (aq) Acids Acids increase hydrogen ion concentration [H + ] Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem Bases Bases increase hydroxide ion concentration [OH-] KOH (aq)  K + (aq) + OH - (aq)

2. H 2 O can function as both an ACID and a BASE. Equilibrium constant for water = K w K w = [H + ] [OH - ] = 1.00 x 10 -14 at 25 o C

3. pH pOH [H + ] [OH - ] pH + pOH = 14 pH = -log[H + ] [H + ] = 10 -pH pOH = -log[OH - ] [OH - ] = 10 -pOH K w = [H + ] [OH - ] = 1 x10 -14

4. OH - H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ [H + ] = [OH - ] [H + ] > [OH - ] [H + ] < [OH - ] acidic solution neutral solution basic solution concentration (moles/L)‏ 10 -14 10 -7 10 -1 Timberlake, Chemistry 7 th Edition, page 332 pH = 3 pH = 7 pH = 12

5. pH + pOH = 14 pH + 11.09 = 14 Solution is acidic pH = 14 – 11.09 = 2.91

6. Solution is basic K w = [H + ] [OH - ] = 1.0 x10 -14 1.0 x10 -14 = [3.3 x 10 -10 ] [OH - ] [OH - ] = 3.0 x 10 -5 M

7. pH = - log [H + ] = -log [0.240M H + ] pH = 0.620

8. pH = - log [H + ] 4.60 = -log [H + ] [H + ] = 2.51 x 10 -5 M 2 nd log -4.6 You can check your answer by working backwards. pH = - log [2.51x10 -5 M] pH = 4.60 10 - 4.60

9. Timberlake, Chemistry 7 th Edition, page 335 1.0 M HCl 0 gastric juice 1.6 vinegar 2.8 carbonated beverage 3.0 orange 3.5 apple juice 3.8 tomato 4.2 lemon juice 2.2 coffee 5.0 bread 5.5 soil 5.5 potato 5.8 urine 6.0 milk 6.4 water (pure) ‏ 7.0 drinking water 7.2 blood 7.4 detergents 8.0 - 9.0 bile 8.0 seawater 8.5 milk of magnesia 10.5 ammonia 11.0 bleach 12.0 1.0 M NaOH (lye) ‏ 14.0 8 910 111214 13 34 5 6 2 1 70 acidic neutral basic [H + ] = [OH - ]

10. 14 1 x 10 -14 1 x 10 -0 0 13 1 x 10 -13 1 x 10 -1 1 12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -2 2 11 1 x 10 -11 1 x 10 -3 3 10 1 x 10 -10 1 x 10 -4 4 9 1 x 10 -9 1 x 10 -5 5 8 1 x 10 -8 1 x 10 -6 6 6 1 x 10 -6 1 x 10 -8 8 5 1 x 10 -5 1 x 10 -9 9 4 1 x 10 -4 1 x 10 -10 10 3 1 x 10 -3 1 x 10 -11 11 2 1 x 10 -2 1 x 10 -12 12 1 1 x 10 -1 1 x 10 -13 13 0 1 x 10 0 1 x 10 -14 14 NaOH, 0.1 M Household bleach Household ammonia Lime water Milk of magnesia Borax Baking soda Egg white, seawater Human blood, tears Milk Saliva Rain Black coffee Banana Tomatoes Wine Cola, vinegar Lemon juice Gastric juice More basic More acidic pH [H 1+ ] [OH 1- ] pOH 7 1 x 10 -7 1 x 10 -7 7

12. 6 5. 7 3 4 1 2