Coral Reefs & Lagoons Part 2

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Presentation transcript:

Coral Reefs & Lagoons Part 2 AICE Marine Science Unit 5

Difference between shallow & deep corals: Lack zooxanthellae White Energy ONLY from filter feeding w/ stinging tentacles Grow slower Habitat: Anywhere (do not need clear, shallow, sunlit water) Shallow: Symbiotic w/ zooxanthellae Colorful Energy from zooxanthellae & from filter feeding w/ stinging tentacles Grow faster Habitat: shallow, clear, warm waters (tropics)

Anatomy of a coral reef: Reef front/Fore reef/Outer reef: Ocean side; receives some wave energy Reef crest: Highest point; receives full impact of wave Reef flat/Inner reef/Back reef: Leeward/land side; descends into lagoon; may have seagrasses

Reef structure:

Benefits of Coral Reefs Coastal protection from waves & storms Medicine (from calcium carbonate coral skeletons, sponges, & other corals; anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-tuberculosis, anti-viral, anti-malarial) Food Habitat for many other organisms $ from tourism Benefits of Coral Reefs

Coastal Protection: Coastal properties Inland ecosystems Reduce the cost of providing breakwaters Reduced wave action provides safer anchorage for boats (on the leeward side) The Breakers, Palm Beach Singer Island

Breakwaters & Jetties: coastal erosion control

Dangers to Coral Reefs: Sedimentation Blast Fishing! Crown of Thorns loves to forage on coral polyps Trash/Pollution Discarded fishing nets Humans’ Touch Discarded nets & pollution Anchors Coral Bleaching

Coral Reef Inhabitants

Growth Rate: Healthy reefs accumulate CaCO3 at rates between 3-15m/1000yrs

Factors that affect growth rate: Overfishing of herbivorous fishes Ocean temperature Salinity Low inorganic nutrients Solar radiation/Water transparency Sedimentation Can you think of any others?

Reef Erosion Predation—Herbivores feeding directly on the coral or the zooxanthellae Bioerosion—Predation (above) or change in the substrate (top picture, right) Boat anchors Storms Exposure to air

Loss of substrate 

Coral Bleaching: Caused by death of zooxanthellae (from warming waters http://youtu.be/BgFS5f_MUMg

Reconstructing the History of Coral Reefs Drilling: core samples; visible layers help to determine age (think of rings in a tree) Geomorphologic analysis: studying the shape; fringing, barrier, or atoll Carbon dating: comparing the proportions of carbon isotopes: 12C & 14C (14C taken up by corals decays to 12C) helps determine the age (14C half-life is 5,730 years)

Artificial Reefs: Airplanes Ships Obsolete oil rigs Boats Bridges Tyres Junked appliances Ballistic missiles Subway cars Ships Boats Concrete Reef Balls Steel boxes Military equipment (incl. tanks) Docks

Artificial Reefs Have the same benefits of living coral reefs: Habitat for other organisms (& growth site of new coral polyps) Coastline protection

Artificial Reefs (sinking of USS Oriskany in 2006)

An Artificial Reef (in the making) 400 Sculptures Cancun, Mexico http://youtu.be/oip5M3IJ4bI