Ch 11 Blood Typing & Disorders

Blood types

Type AB- universal recipients Type O- universal donor Rh factor: Rh+ 85% dominant in pop Rh- 15% recessive Blood TypeAgglutinationAntibody Aantigen Aanti-A serumantibody anti-b Bantigen Banti-B serumantibody anti-a ABantigen A & Banti A & B serum - Oneither A or Bno clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a, anti-b

Rh Factor and Pregnancy RH- indicates no protein RH+ indicates protein

Rh Factor and Pregnancy Rh + mother w/Rh - baby– no problem Rh - mother w/Rh + baby– problem Rh - mother w/Rh - father– no problem Rh - mother w/Rh - baby-- no problem RhoGAM 28 weeks

Blood Type & RhHow Many Have ItFrequency ORh Positive1 person in 337.4% ORh Negative1 person in 156.6% ARh Positive1 person in 335.7% ARh Negative1 person in 166.3% BRh Positive1 person in 128.5% BRh Negative1 person in 671.5% ABRh Positive1 person in 293.4% ABRh Negative1 person in 167.6%

Type A and Type B cross IAIA IAIA IBIB i IAiIAi IAIBIAIB IAIBIAIB IAiIAi Punnett square

Blood Count

Complete Blood Count Analysis of the blood Includes red blood cell count, hemoglobin & hematocrit measurements, and white blood cell count Done electronically with a machine OR with microscope manually

Red Blood Cell Count Male: million RBC/microliter Female: million RBC/microliter

Hemoglobin & Hematocrit Hemoglobin Measurement: Determine the amount of hemoglobin in a volume of blood Hematocrit: percentage of total blood volume composed of RBC Use centrifuge to move the heavy elements to the bottom

White blood cell count Leukopenia: lower than usual ( often drug-induced) Leukocytosis: abnormally high Leukemia: Cancerous cause of abnormally high numbers but they do not function normally Higher susceptibility to infection

Blood Problems & Disorders

Damaged blood vessels Vascular Spasm: temporary constriction of blood vessel (smooth muscle) controlled by chemicals Platelet Plugs: accumulation of platelets in area of break will seal the tear Von Willebrand’s factor causes adhesion of platelets to connective tissue outside the vessel Blood clot/ Coagulation: a network of threadlike proteins that trap blood cells, platelets and fluid

most common inherited bleeding disorder Platelet plug formation is impaired due to dysfunction in Von Willebrand’s factor (platelets do not adhere to collagen connective tissue) Injection of VW factor treat the disorder Von Willebrand’s Disease

Hemostasis: stoppage of bleeding 4. Coagulation 1.Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation

Blood Clot Fibrin thread Platelet RBC

-deficiency of normal hemoglobin resulting in low O 2 carrying capacity; -Results from decreased number RBC or iron deficiency. -Symptoms: lack of energy, excessively tired, short of breath with little exertion Anemia

-Low number of RBC due to loss through trauma, ulcers, menstrual bleeding Hemorrhagic Anemia Hemolytic Anemia -Low number of RBC due to excessive destruction of RBC (inherited, ie: weak membranes in RBC)

Abnormal shape to hemoglobin HbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the  chain in the globin molecule. Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans. Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial. Sickle-Cell Anemia

Caused by protozoans introduced into the blood by mosquito bite These protozoans use RBC to develop They release toxins when RBC rupture

Overabundance of red blood cells Increased blood viscosity Reduced flow rate –Relative: reduced plasma –Primary: stem cell defect, overproduce RBD –Secondary: low oxygen supply, triggering production of erythropoietin by kidneys Erythrocytosis

too few platelets causes spontaneous bleeding due to suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation) –Platelet count <50,000/mm 3 is diagnostic –Treated with transfusion of concentrated platelets Thrombocytopenia

Blood Clotting is abnormal or absent Sex-linked trait, almost exclusively in males

Blood Poisoning Caused by microorganisms and their toxins in our blood Often due to introduction of microorganisms during medical procedures

INQUIRY 1.What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte? 2.What are two differences between red blood cells and white blood cells? (one thing RBC lack) 3.What dietary component is needed for the production of red blood cells? 4.The two white blood cells that affect the inflammatory response include: ______ 5.Because WBC assist the immune system, what would you expect in an acute infection, the white cell count would show as (higher/lower)? 6.What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells? 7.In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type O person?