Evaluation: IDA Gender bias in smoking addiction research The onset and development of smoking follows different patterns in men and women. E.g. research found that women start smoking later than men. This makes it difficult to generalise research findings. Real-world applications Effective forms of smoking prevention programmes should target adolescents (those most vulnerable to influence of peers) to inform them of the social influences around them in the hope of preventing addiction.

Evaluation: IDA Nature vs. nurture Learning model supports nurture (i.e. role of the environment) but ignores nature (i.e. biological model - genetics). Determinism vs. free will Deterministic as it suggests smoking addiction influenced by external factors (environment/learning/social pressure/peers and parents) – however could be argued that they have free will over smoking behaviour as choose who to look to as role model – SLT. To evaluate learning explanations compare to other approaches e.g. biological!!!

The Learning Approach to Gambling Addiction

Criticisms Can’t explain all forms of gambling – difficult to apply OC principles to all types of gambling. E.g. some forms of gambling, short time period between behaviour and consequence (e.g. scratch card), whereas others (e.g. lottery – if placed on Monday for Saturday) there is a longer time period between behaviour and outcome.

Criticisms Fails to explain why only some people become addicted to gambling. Most people will gamble at some point during their life (e.g. lottery/bingo) and will experience the reinforcement associated with the behaviour. However relatively few become addicts. This suggests that there must be other factors involves in the transition from gambling behaviour to gambling addiction e.g. genetics?