LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 17 TH MILLER/SPOOLMAN Chapter 11 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity

Case Study: Protecting Whales: A Success Story… So Far Whales belong to an order of marine mammals called ___________________ Toothed whales Sperm whale with squid Killer whale Narwhal Bottlenose dolphin Meters Baleen whales Blue whale Fin whale Bowhead whale Right whale Sei whale Humpback whale Gray whale Minke whale Meters cetaceans

Case Study: Protecting Whales: A Success Story… So Far Whale harvesting on international waters has followed the classic pattern of a tragedy of ________________ “overharvesting” 8 of 11 major species were hunted to _____________________ extinction by 1975 Finding and harvesting the remaining individual whales is too costly International Whaling Commission (______) was established to regulate the whaling industry by setting annual ______________ Lacked enforcement power commons commercial IWC quotas

Case Study: Protecting Whales: A Success Story… So Far (2) In 1970, the U.S. stopped all commercial whaling and banned all _____________ of whale products Due to pressure from many nations, the IWC placed a ________________________ on commercial whaling in ,480 whales killed in killed in 2009 _______________, ______________, and ______________ ignore the moratorium imports moratorium Japan Norway Iceland

11-1 What Are the Major Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity? Concept 11-1 Aquatic species are threatened by habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change, and overexploitation, all made worse by the growth of the human population.

We Have Much to Learn about Aquatic Biodiversity Although we live on a watery planet, we have only explored about _______ of the earth’s interconnected oceans It is estimated that only ______ of life forms in the sea have been properly identified We also have _________________ knowledge about freshwater biodiversity 5% 1% limited

We Have Much to Learn about Aquatic Biodiversity Scientists have observed three general patterns related to marine biodiversity 1.Greatest marine biodiversity occurs in _________________, ___________________ and the ___________________________ 2.Biodiversity is higher near the ___________ than in the open sea due to a greater variety of habitats 3. Biodiversity is generally higher in the _____________ region of the ocean than the surface region due to a greater variety of habitats coral reefs estuaries ocean - floor coast bottom

Fig. 8-5, p. 172 Natural Capital Marine Ecosystems Ecological ServicesEconomic Services Climate moderationFood CO 2 absorptionAnimal and pet feed Pharmaceuticals Nutrient cycling Harbors and transportation routes Waste treatment Reduced storm impact (mangroves, barrier islands, coastal wetlands) Recreation Coastal habitats for humans Habitats and nursery areas Employment Genetic resources and biodiversity Oil and natural gas Minerals Scientific information Building materials

Fig. 8-15, p. 181 Natural Capital Freshwater Systems Ecological ServicesEconomic Services Climate moderationFood Nutrient cycling Drinking water Waste treatment Irrigation water Flood control Groundwater recharge Hydroelectricity Habitats for many species Transportation corridors Genetic resources and biodiversity Recreation Scientific informationEmployment

Human Activities Are Destroying and Degrading Aquatic Habitats The greatest threat to aquatic biodiversity is _________________ loss and degradation HIPPCO Scientists reported in 2006 that ____________ habitats are disappearing at a rate 2-10 times __________ than the rate of tropical forest loss Mangrove forests Sea-grass beds – serve as ________________ for many species of fish and shellfish habitat coastal faster nurseries

Sea ____________ habitats are faring no better, being threatened by… _________________ operations _________________ fishing boats – carry heavy weighted nets that act like giant submerged bulldozers Each year, thousands of trawlers scrape and disturb an area of ocean floor many times ____________ than the total global area clear-cut forests bottom dredging trawler larger

Area of Ocean Bottom Before and After a Trawler Fig. 11-2, p. 252

Coral reefs are threatened by… Shore _______________________ _______________________ Climate __________________ Coral reefs cannot survive in water temperatures over 86°F Ocean ___________________ caused by increased CO 2 emissions When CO 2 is absorbed in water, it can react with water and form a ___________ acid development pollution Change acidification weak

A Healthy Coral Reef in the Red Sea Fig. 8-1, p. 168 “Coral bleaching”Colorful Algae on Coral

Freshwater habitat disruption is due to… __________ building Excessive water withdrawal from rivers for ____________________ and ____________ water supplies dam irrigation urban

Invasive Species Are Degrading Aquatic Biodiversity Invasive species - HIPPCO Can also be called _____________________ Blamed for _______ of U.S. fish extinctions since 1900 Cost the U.S. an average of about $16 million per _________ Most arrive on ships involved in _____________ trade Bioinvaders can cause the extinction of ___________ species and severely _____________ ecosystems bioinvaders 2/3 hour global native degrade

Invasive Species Are Degrading Aquatic Biodiversity Asian Swamp Eel Invaded the waterways of south _____________ May have been dumped from a ___________ aquarium Eats almost ________________ Can survive cold weather, drought, and predators by burrowing into mud banks Can wriggle across ________ land to invade new water ways Florida home anything dry

Invasive Lionfish Fig. 11-3, p. 254 Invaded the east coast of North America may have escaped from outdoor aquariums in Miami, Florida that were damaged by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 Protected by ______________ spines venomous

Science Focus: How Carp Have Muddied Some Waters Lake Wingra, Wisconsin (U.S.) Contains invasive species such as purple ________________ (plant) and the common _____________ The carp devour algae which normally ______________ bottom sediments….so now the lake has excessive cloudiness…called _______________ Dr. Richard Lathrop Removed carp from an area of the lake and it appears to be ____________________ loosestrife carp stabilize turbidity improving

Lake Wingra in Madison, Wisconsin Fig. 11-A, p. 255

Case Study: Invaders Have Ravaged Lake Victoria Lake Victoria (East Africa) Loss of biodiversity and many fish called _____________ Due to the deliberate introduction of the _________ _________ to stimulate the business of exporting the fish cichlids NilePerch

Natural Capital Degradation: The Nile Perch In Lake Victoria Fig. 11-4a, p. 254 Small scale fishers were put out of business… Increased _______________ and _________________ Frequent thick algae ____________ fed by nutrient runoff Also called _________________ Invasive water hyacinth poverty malnutrition blooms eutrophication

Water Hyacinths in Lake Victoria Fig. 11-5, p. 255

Population Growth and Pollution Can Reduce Aquatic Biodiversity Coastal population growth HIPPCO According to the U.N. Environmental Program (_________) 2010 report, about _______ of people were living on or near the coast. More ____________ and _______________ from humans Pollution…HIPPCO Nitrates and phosphates, mainly from _______________, enter water…leads to eutrophication UNEP80% noise crowding fertilizers

Population Growth and Pollution Can Reduce Aquatic Biodiversity ____________ pollutants from industrial areas can kill some forms of aquatic life by poisoning them DDT PCBs Mercury Plastics…many organisms ___________ plastic or become _________________ in it 2009 sea bird study reported that ________ of the birds studied had plastic in their _____________ Toxic ingest entangled 95% stomachs

Hawaiian Monk Seal Fig. 11-6, p. 256 This Hawaiian monk seal was slowly starving to death before the plastic was removed from its snout

Climate Change Is a Growing Threat Global warming…HIPPCO Sea levels will rise ____________ some low-lying islands ________________ many highly productive coastal wetlands New Orleans, Louisiana, and New York City Aquatic biodiversity is threatened Coral reefs…need a specific temperature _______________ Swamp Drown range

Overfishing and Extinction: Gone Fishing, Fish Gone (1) Overfishing…(Overexploitation – HIPPCO) Fishery: __________________ of a particular wild aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a specific area Fishprint: ____________ of ocean needed to sustain the fish consumption of a person, country, or the world “ecological footprint” Marine and freshwater fish Threatened with extinction by human activities more than any other group of species concentration area

Overfishing and Extinction: Gone Fishing, Fish Gone (2) In most cases, overfishing leads to….. Commercial extinction Temporary depletion of fish stocks Only as long as fisheries are allowed to __________________...but recovery times are growing If not allowed to recover, fisheries may ______________ Atlantic cod fishery recover collapse

Natural Capital Degradation: Collapse of the Cod Fishery Off the Canadian Coast Fig. 11-7, p. 257

Science Focus: Clashing Scientific Views Can Lead to Cooperation and Progress Ray Hilborn (______________________)…proposed that wild seafood stock would be wiped out by _________ Boris Worm (an American _________________ management scientist) strongly disagreed Began working together to develop new methods… for relating the _____________ of a given species to its estimated __________________ size Also examined maximum sustainable yield…amount that can be harvested without endangering the stock Developed strategies for more sustainable fishing Concluded that _______ of global stocks are in danger of depletion ecologist 2048 fisheries catch population 63%

Case Study: Industrial Fish Harvesting Methods Trawler fishing - involves dragging a weighted funnel shaped net across the ocean _______________ similar to ___________________ the ocean floor Purse-seine fishing - nets that are used to capture _______________ dwelling species…often kills dolphins Longlining – puts out a line up to 100 km (60 miles) long with many baited __________...often kills sea turtles, dolphins, seabirds Drift-net fishing – leads to overfishing and the capture of large amounts of unwanted fish called _______________ 1/3 of annual fish catch consists of bycatch floor clear-cutting surface hooks bycatch

Fish farming in cage Spotter airplane Trawler fishing Sonar Purse-seine fishing Long line fishing lines with hooks Deep sea aquaculture cage Drift-net fishing Float Buoy Fish caught by gills Stepped Art Fig. 11-8, p. 259

Review Questions What are three general patterns of marine biodiversity? Which type of fishing method destroys the ocean floor? Highest in coral reefs, estuaries, and the ocean floor Higher near the coast than open water Higher at the bottom vs. surface water Trawler fishing

Review Questions Fig. 8-1, p. 168 What happened to this coral reef? “coral bleaching”

Review Questions How do invasive species affect aquatic ecosystems? Displace or cause native species to become extinct Alter and degrade ecosystems