Perceptual-Based Knowledge Representations 2004 년 3 월 30 일 홍 승 권.

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Perceptual-Based Knowledge Representations 2004 년 3 월 30 일 홍 승 권

강의 목표  강의목표  인간의 지식표현방식 중에 Perceptual-based knowledge representation 에 대한 지식의 습득.  지식표현의 의미  Information 이 cognitive system 내에 표현되는 방식 에 따라 정보처리 방식이 달라질 수 있음  두 가지 표현 방식  Perceptual-based knowledge representation : 4 장  Meaning-based knowledge representation : 5 장  abstracted form

Knowledge representation KR is related with How we organize information How we use information in long-term memory

목차 Dual-code theory Comparisons of verbal versus visual processing Nature of knowledge representations Visual and spatial imagery Mental rotation Image scanning Comparison of visual quantities Two types of imagery Are visual images like visual perception? Hierarchical structure of images Cognitive maps Map distortions Translating from words to images Representation of verbal information

1. The Dual-Code Theory

Comparisons of verbal versus visual processing 특성비교를 위한 실험 Fig. 4.1 (a): Study array 를 보여 준 후, 같은 것을 찾 기 Visual memory 는 spatial memory 를 포함함 ( 위치가 같아 야 RT 작음 : Fig. 4.2) Fig. 4.1 (b): Study array 를 들려준 후, 같은 것을 찾 기 Verbal information 은 Linear order 로 저장됨 : Fig. 4.2) Verbal 과 visual memory 는 다른 part 에 저장됨.

Nature of knowledge representations Imagined information is represented and processed in the ways that perceptual information is represented and processed.

2. Visual and Spatial Imagery Mental images(visual imagery) = visual imagery + spatial imagery Spatial imagery: location of things in space

Mental Rotation Mental Rotation: Shepard and Metzler (1971): Fig. 4.4 (a) Rotation in picture plane (b) Rotation in depth (c) No rotation Figure 4.5 Mean reaction time according to the angle of rotation Hong’s experiment 한글, 한자, 영어의 비교 180 한자 영어 한글

Image Scanning Interference in scanning a visual image if they have to engage simultaneously in conflicting processing of a spatial structure in their environment. Example: Brooks’ experiment: Table 4.1 Experiment 1: Diagram In the extreme top or bottom, Yes in between, No Experiment 2: Sentence Noun, Yes Other, No

Comparison of visual quantities 피실험자가 사물의 크기를 판단하는 시간 이종 동물들간의 크기 비교판단 시험 (Moyer,1973) -- Fig. 4.8 Line 의 길이의 크기를 비교하는데 걸리는 시간 (Johnson, 1939) -- Fig. 4.9 일반적인 사물의 크기를 비교하는데 걸리는 시간 ? Mean reaction time  Log (S 1 -S 2 ) 피실험자가 갖고 있는 image 에 따라 크기를 비교하고 있음

Two Types of Imagery Image: Visual properties and spatial properties Neuropsychological evidence suggested that different areas of the brain may be responsible for supporting the spatial and visual aspects of imagery Temporal lobe : visual properties Parietal lobe : spatial properties

Are visual images like visual perception? Visual image 와 visual perception 은 같은 illusion 을 일 으킨다.(Wallace, 1984) Fig (a) : visual perception -- 어느 line 이 더 긴가 ? Fig (b) : Image (inverted V 가 두개의 선 위에 씌운다고 생각하자 ) -- 어느 line 이 더 긴가 ? 동일하게 Illusion 현상 나타남 머리 속에서 이미지를 회전시키는 것보다는 perceptually 회전된 것을 보기 원함. -- Tetris 를 할 때 많은 properties 는 공유하지만, visual image 를 실제 picture 로 바꾸는 것은 쉽지 않음

Hierarchical structure of images 이미지는 계층구조를 갖는다 Example (1) -- Reed (1974) Fig (a) 는 (c) 보다는 (b) 로 구성되어 있음 Fig 는 계층구조 임. Fig 의 triangle 은 Chunk 라 불리며, a unit of knowledge representation Example (2) -- McNamara, Hardy and Hirtle (1989) 방에 있는 물건을 기억하기 위하여 Subareas 와 Subobjects 로 조직화함 -- Fig. 4.15

Cognitive maps Spatial structure of our environment The connection between imagery and action is particularly apparent. CM progress from route map to survey map Example Thrndyke and Hayes-Roth (1982): Secretary’s knowledge of the Rand building (Fig. 4.16) From the supply room to the chasier (Route map) the direction of the lunch room from the photocopy room

Map distortions 상대적 위치를 판단하는데 더 큰 지역의 상대적 위치 (High-order Information) 에 의존하여 판단하려는 경향이 있음 Steven and Coup (1978) - Fig X 가 북쪽인가 ? Y 가 북쪽인가 ? Congruent map: 18% error Homogeneous map: 15% error Incongruent map: 45% error

Translating from words to images When we process directions, a description of an event, or hear a sportscast, translating from words to images. Imagery conflict 때문에 스포츠 방송을 들으면서 운전을 할 수 없다.

3. Representation of verbal information Verbal information 의 특성 : serial-order information information about the beginning element is most available: Fig In the longer sentences, subjects organize sequences of items hierarchically with sub-sequences: Fig. 4.21

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