1. Coding in STM Clues about coding in STM:

2. Coding in STM Clues about coding in STM: –# of items stored in STM depends on rate of speech

3. Coding in STM Clues about coding in STM: –# of items stored in STM depends on rate of speech –phonological similarity effect: similar sounding words are harder to store/recall than different sounding words

4. Coding in STM Clues about coding in STM: –# of items stored in STM depends on rate of speech –phonological similarity effect: similar sounding words are harder to store/recall than different sounding words What does this suggest about the nature of information in STM?

5. Coding in STM It seems that information can be stored in a linguistic or phonological form

6. Coding in STM It seems that information can be stored in a linguistic or phonological form Must it be stored this way?

7. Coding in STM It is also possible to “keep in mind” non- verbal information, such as a map Are there two different STM systems?

8. A Modular Approach to STM Allan Baddeley: Articulatory Loop Central Executive Visuospatial Sketchpad In general, how can we know if there are one, two, or more independent systems handling some aspect of perception or cognition?

9. Dissociations and Double- Dissociations Indicate that two processes or systems are independent

10. Dissociations and Double- Dissociations A dissociation occurs when one process is influenced by changing a variable but another process is not

11. Dissociations and Double- Dissociations A dissociation occurs when one process is influenced by changing a variable but another process is not example: break the sparkplugs in your car and examine the effect on a) your engine b) your radio

12. Dissociations and Double- Dissociations A dissociation Performance Damage Sparkplugs Engine Radio

13. Dissociations and Double- Dissociations A double-dissociation occurs when changing a variable has different effects on two different processes example: break sparkplugs vs break antenna

14. Dissociations and Double- Dissociations Performance Damage Sparkplugs Engine Radio Antenna

15. Dissociations and Double- Dissociations Performance Damage Sparkplugs Engine Radio Antenna

16. Working Memory “Modules” The logic of double-dissociation informs us about working memory modules

17. A Modular Approach to STM Allan Baddeley: Articulatory Loop Central Executive Visuospatial Sketchpad The article by Lee Brooks considers a double-dissociation between Phonological and Visuospatial memory representations

18. Coding in STM Modular Approach: Working Memory Allan Baddeley - two components of Working Memory Evidence for a modular system: –interference within modalities but not between –example: subvocal counting of letters in a list of words is very hard but subvocal counting of the corners of a figure is easy

19. Working Memory “Modules” Lee Brooks: interference between different representations in STM (Experiment 1) –Memory Representation verbal task: categorize words in a sentence spatial task: categorize corners in a block letter –Response Modality verbal response: say “yes” or “no” spatial response: point to “yes” or “no”

20. Working Memory “Modules” result: Response Time Response Modality Verbal Spatial Spatial Representation (categorize corners) Verbal Representation (categorize nouns)

21. Working Memory “Modules” Interpretation: –supports notion of modularity in Working Memory (visuospatial sketchpad / articulatory loop)

22. Next Time: Long-Term Memory Read Loftus for Next Thursday