COLUMBIA BASIN KELTS: ABUNDANCE, DOWNSTREAM PASSAGE, AND REPEAT SPAWNING.

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Presentation transcript:

COLUMBIA BASIN KELTS: ABUNDANCE, DOWNSTREAM PASSAGE, AND REPEAT SPAWNING

Introduction Part I: Life After Spawning Kelt Identification Kelt Abundance and Population Structure Kelt Migration  Travel Rates  Dam Passage  In-river Survival

Introduction cont. Part II: Iteroparity and Management Repeat Spawning Rates Restoration Options/Strategies Research and Management Needs

Iteroparity in the Pacific Northwest Several anadromous, iteroparous salmonid species (e.g., steelhead, sea-run cutthroats, dolly varden, arctic char, and inconnu (sheefish).

Steelhead Repeat Spawning Up to four repeat spawning events possible Consecutive and skip-spawners present Female dominated life history High repeat spawning variation (1% to 75%, X=10%) - Differences in run types (winter vs. summer) - Geographic differences (Coast vs. Inland) - Annual differences

Repeat Spawning: Columbia Basin Columbia River: ranges from < 1% to 17% RiverIteroparityDams (rkm)Reference Kalama17%0 (118)Leider Hood10%1 (273)Busby Yakima1.5%4 (539)Hockersmith Snake< 1%4-8 (520-1,500)Wertheimer

Kelts: The Forgotten Life History Kelts:  Post-spawned salmonid capable of iteroparity  Inherent life history trait  Limited by environmental (natural and anthropogenic) and biological constraints Benefits of protection:  Recognition of life history diversity  “Best of the Best”  Female dominated runs  Preserve plasticity

Kelt Identification Geographic and temporal over-lap of maturation types Visual methods est. between 2-25% kelt abundance Need for rapid, accurate, and non- invasive method - morphology - Steroids - Ultrasound Ultrasound is the superior method

Kelt Abundance LocationYear% Kelts Bypass No. Kelts Bypass (% wild) ESA- Component In-river kelt Abundance LGR200096%4,015 (54%)17%15, %12,135 (42%)21%NA 2002*92%9,519 (50%)7%NA McN200175%1,988 (57%)?NA %2,002 (60%)?14,057 JDD200192%2,022 (76%)?NA %2,212 (59%)?NA * RSW installed at LGR

Kelt Population Structure

Kelt Population Structure cont.. Hatchery Versus Wild Kelt Run Timing

Kelt Population Structure Cont. Female Kelt Run LGR = 84% McN = 87%* JDD = 86%* * Excludes unknowns Female versus Male Run Timing

Kelt Population Structure Cont.. LocationGoodFairPoor LGR52%31%17% McN66%23%11% JDD49%28%23% Good Poor

Kelt Population Structure Cont.. LocationBrightInterDark LGR36%47%17% McN65%33%2% JDD45%50%5% Bright Dark

Kelt Migration: Columbia Basin Roy Beaty

1.5 Grams Kelt Migration:  Radio-telemetry

Kelt Migration: Travel Rates Reach No-Spill 2001 Spill Little Goose (60 km) Lower Mon. (47 km) John Day (123 km) N/A The Dalles (38 km) Bonneville (73 km) Free-Flowing (53 km)  Travel times were positively associated with river discharge  Significantly faster in 02 (normal year) relative to 01 (drought).  Travel times were significantly faster in free-flow reach

Kelt Migration: Passage Kelt Migration: Dam Passage

Kelt Migration: B2CC Dam Passage

Kelt Migration: Dam Passage Bonneville Dam (B2) Forebay Residence Time % exited B2 Kcfs 2004 = ~ = ~ (N=235) 2002 (N=50)

Kelt Migration: Survival (2001) I-205 (184) BONJDAICH 3% 4% 10%12%15%24%37%64% Dam tailrace (R km) Cumulative travel time (hrs) Contact Attrition Contact history TDAMCNLMNLGSLGR (696) % -13%-62%-16%-22%-37%-35%-34%

Kelt Migration: Survival * Release Year (n)RKM# of dams & Pools Cumulative LGR a 2001 (197) 2002 (167) 2003 (212) % (7/197) 13.2% (22/167) 34.4 (73/212) McN a 2001 (52) 2002 (273) 2004 (123) % 62.3% 73.0% JDD a 2001 (154) 2002 (10) 2004 (393) % 80.0% 92.0% *good and fair kelts only…poor condition kelts rarely survive outmigration a Wertheimer and Evans (2005)

Kelt Repeat Spawning Rates

John Day The Dalles Kelt Repeat Spawning Rates 3 John Day = 6.2% (140/2,265) McNary = 5.3% (32/603) Lower Granite 0.9% (54/5,885)

Kelt Repeat Spawning Rates Tag Site* Year Sample (n)Bonneville Return (%) “Skip Spawn” LGR , , % 0.4% 1.0% 63% 40% 50% McN % 3.9% 71% 40% JDD % 2.8% 5.4% 41% 38% 29%

Kelt Restoration Options/Strategies: Hydro-system configuration & operation Transportation Kelt Reconditioning   

Kelt Restoration Options/Strategies Spill is an efficient passage option for kelts Surface oriented bypass structures (e.g., sluiceways) are effective ways to pass kelts. Increased flows result in increased travel rates and higher survival. Removable Spillway Weirs

Kelt Restoration Strategies Transportation Snake River (LGR 02): Trans = 2.5% (19/751) In-river = 0.8% (8/1,066) Columbia River (JDD 02): Trans = 11.9% (34/286) In-river = 10.1% (25/247) * values are minimum and returning fish are predominately female

Kelt Restoration Options/Strategies Reconditioning -Kelt ID and capture -Feeding and treatment -Maturation appraisal -Release for natural spawning  Short and Long-term

Reconditioning Results YearTreatmentSample (% YN run) SurvivalRematuration 2000 a - Long-term (37%) - 18% - 12% 2001 b - Long-term (18%) - 39% - 21% 2002 b Short-term Long-term 400 (9%) 420 (9%) 83% 34% 12% 19% 2003 c Short-term Long-term 208 (10%) 482 (22%) 90% 62% n.a. 57% a Evans et al. (2001) ; b Hatch et al. (2003); c Fast (pers. comm.)

Yakima R. Steelhead Escapement with Reconditioning 7.3%14.4% 2.4% Percentage increase in escapement due to reconditioning. Date provide by Dave Fast (YN)

Research and Management Needs  Collected baseline data on Upper Columbia River kelts; abundance, survival, dam passage, and iteroparity rates * Action Agencies = NOAA Fisheries and PUDs  Establish a reconditioning program for Lower Snake River kelts *Action Agencies = NOAA Fisheries, U.S. Army Corps, and BPA  Include kelts and repeat spawners in both regional and local recovery plans; including fish outside of the Columbia River Basin.

Summary Kelts are abundant, good condition, predominately female, and wild. If available, passage is predominately via spillway or alternative surface oriented routes. Out-migration success is negatively correlated with passage distance and positively correlated with water conditions. Iteroparity increases down river, skip-spawning rates decrease. Several kelt management options exist (e.g., hydro system configuration/operation, transportation, and reconditioning). Kelts should be a component of regional steelhead recovery efforts.