Basic Chemistry Biochemistry

Types of Compounds Two types of compounds important to life: Two types of compounds important to life: Organic Compounds Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds Inorganic Compounds

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life Slide 2.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon Tend to be simpler compounds Example: H 2 O (water)

Important Inorganic Compounds Water Water Salts Salts Acids/Bases Acids/Bases

Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water Most abundant inorganic compounds Vital properties High heat capacity Polarity/solvent properties Chemical reactivity Cushioning

Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Salts Easily dissolve in the presence of water Vital to many body functions Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acids Can release detectable hydrogen ions Bases Proton acceptors Neutralization reaction Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

pH Slide 2.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral pH below 7 = acidic pH above 7 = basic Buffers Chemicals that can regulate pH change Figure 2.11

Quick Quiz 1 of 2 1. Why is water so important to living things? 2. Give one example of what salts do for living things.

Important Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Proteins Proteins Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids ATP ATP

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Include sugars and starches Classified according to size Monosaccharides – simple sugars Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

Carbohydrates Slide 2.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.12a, b

Carbohydrates Slide 2.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.12c

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen Insoluble in water

Slide 2.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.14a, b Lipids

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins Made of amino acids Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PROTEINS Account for over half of the body’s organic matter Provides for construction materials for body tissues Plays a vital role in cell function Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

Enzymes Slide 2.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions Figure 2.16

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids Provide blueprint of life Nucleotide bases A = Adenine G = Guanine C = Cytosine T = Thymine U = Uracil Make DNA and RNA

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix Replicates before cell division Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.17c

Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Slide 2.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.18a

How ATP Drives Cellular Work Slide 2.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.19

Quick Quiz 2 of 2 1. Enzymes are made of what kind of important organic molecule? 2. Why do we need carbohydrates? 3. Give two examples of sources of lipids for humans 4. Why is ATP such an important molecule?