1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

2. The Human Body – An Orientation Slide 1.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Anatomy – Levels of Study Slide 1.2a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable Figure 1.1

4. Anatomy – Levels of Study Slide 1.2b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4

5. Levels of Structural Organization Slide 1.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1

6. Organ System Overview Slide 1.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a

7. Organ System Overview Slide 1.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

8. Organ System Overview Slide 1.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

9. Organ System Overview Slide 1.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

10. Organ System Overview Slide 1.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e

11. Organ System Overview Slide 1.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f

12. Organ System Overview Slide 1.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

13. Organ System Overview Slide 1.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

14. Organ System Overview Slide 1.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

15. Organ System Overview Slide 1.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Figure 1.2j

16. Organ System Overview Slide 1.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

17. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintain Boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients

18. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

19. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproduction Production of future generation Growth Increasing of cell size and number

20. Survival Needs Slide 1.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

21. Survival Needs Slide 1.17b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

22. Homeostasis Slide 1.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

23. Maintaining Homeostasis Slide 1.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center

24. Maintaining Homeostasis Slide 1.19b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

25. Feedback Mechanisms Slide 1.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat

26. Feedback Mechanisms Positive Feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this occurs only in blood clotting and child birth

27. The Language of Anatomy Slide 1.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

28. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1

29. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1 (cont)

30. Body Landmarks Slide 1.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Figure 1.5a

31. Body Landmarks Slide 1.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Figure 1.5b

32. Body Planes Slide 1.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

33. Body Cavities Slide 1.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.7

34. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry

35. Matter and Energy Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) Energy – the ability to do work Chemical Electrical Mechanical Radiant

36. Composition of Matter Slide 2.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elements Fundamental units of matter 96% of the body is made from four elements Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Atoms Building blocks of elements

37. Atomic Structure Slide 2.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleus Protons (p + ) Neutrons (n 0 ) Outside of nucleus Electrons (e - ) Figure 2.1

38. Identifying Elements Slide 2.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atomic number Equal to the number of protons that the atoms contain Atomic mass number Sum of the protons and neutrons

39. Atomic Weight and Isotopes Slide 2.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Isotopes Have the same number of protons Vary in number of neutrons Atomic weight Close to mass number of most abundant isotope Atomic weight reflects natural isotope variation

40. Radioactivity Slide 2.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Radioisotope Heavy isotope Tends to be unstable Decomposes to more stable isotope Radioactivity Process of spontaneous atomic decay

41. Molecules and Compounds Slide 2.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecule – two or more like atoms combined chemically Compound – two or more different atoms combined chemically

42. Chemical Reactions Slide 2.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atoms are united by chemical bonds Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken

43. Electrons and Bonding Slide 2.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electrons occupy energy levels called electron shells Electrons closest to the nucleus are most strongly attracted Each shell has distinct properties Number of electrons has an upper limit Shells closest to nucleus fill first

44. Electrons and Bonding Slide 2.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell (valence shell) Full valence shells do not form bonds

45. Inert Elements Slide 2.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Have complete valence shells and are stable Rule of 8s Shell 1 has 2 electrons Shell 2 has 10 electrons 10 = 2 + 8 Shell 3 has 18 electrons 18 = 2 + 8 + 8 Figure 2.4a

46. Reactive Elements Slide 2.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Valence shells are not full and are unstable Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons Allows for bond formation, which produces stable valence Figure 2.4b

47. Chemical Bonds Slide 2.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ionic Bonds Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another Ions Charged particles Anions are negative Cations are positive Either donate or accept electrons

48. Chemical Bonds Slide 2.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Covalent Bonds Atoms become stable through shared electrons Single covalent bonds share one electron Double covalent bonds share two electrons Figure 2.6c

49. Examples of Covalent Bonds Slide 2.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.6a, b

50. Polarity Slide 2.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Covalent bonded molecules Some are non-polar Electrically neutral as a molecule Some are polar Have a positive and negative side Figure 2.7

51. Chemical Bonds Slide 2.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hydrogen bonds Weak chemical bonds Hydrogen is attracted to negative portion of polar molecule Provides attraction between molecules

52. Patterns of Chemical Reactions Slide 2.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Synthesis reaction (A+B  AB) Atoms or molecules combine Energy is absorbed for bond formation Decomposition reaction (AB  A+B) Molecule is broken down Chemical energy is released

53. Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions Slide 2.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.9a, b

54. Patterns of Chemical Reactions Slide 2.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exchange reaction (AB  AC+B) Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made

55. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life Slide 2.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) Inorganic compounds Lack carbon Tend to be simpler compounds Example: H 2 O (water)

56. Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water Most abundant inorganic compounds Vital properties High heat capacity Polarity/solvent properties Chemical reactivity Cushioning

57. Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Salts Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water Vital to many body functions Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

58. Important Inorganic Compounds Slide 2.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acids Can release detectable hydrogen ions Bases Proton acceptors Neutralization reaction Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

59. pH Slide 2.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral pH below 7 = acidic pH above 7 = basic Buffers Chemicals that can regulate pH change Figure 2.11

60. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Include sugars and starches Classified according to size Monosaccharides – simple sugars Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

61. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen Insoluble in water

62. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins Made of amino acids Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

63. Enzymes Slide 2.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions Figure 2.16

64. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids Provide blueprint of life Nucleotide bases A = Adenine G = Guanine C = Cytosine T = Thymine U = Uracil Make DNA and RNA

65. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix Replicates before cell division Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.17c

66. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels