An "image” is “a word or sequence of words that refers to any sensory experience” (Kennedy and Gioia 741).

What are your five senses? Sight, Hearing, Touch, Taste, and Smell  An image conveys a sense perception, i.e., a visual picture, a sound, a feeling of touch, a taste, or an odor  Imagery = a noun used to refer to a set of related images in poem or the totality of images in a poem: Shelley uses nature imagery in his poem “To Autumn.”

Figurative language uses figures of speech to convey unique images and create some sort of special effect or impression. A “figure of speech” is an intentional deviation from the ordinary usage of language.

 Poets often create images or enhance meaning by comparing one thing to another for special effect.  A most important figure of speech is the Metaphor

 The term metaphor has two meanings, a broad, more general meaning and a concise, specific meaning. ◦ All figures of speech which use association, comparison, or resemblance can generally be called types of metaphor, or metaphorical. ◦ One specific figure of speech which compares two things by saying that one IS the other is called a metaphor.

 A simile is a type of metaphor, a figure in which an explicit comparison is made using the comparative words like, as, resembles, than. Similes are easy to spot. (X is like Y: X is compared to Y in order to illustrate X more fancifully, poetically, or effectively. But Y is not a literal representation of X, not actual.)  The team’s center looked like a skyscraper.  My love is like a red, red rose.  We were as quiet as frightened mice.

 Kennedy and Gioia offer a good list of ways to make a simile: My love is like a red, red rose. My love resembles a rose. My love is redder than a rose. She came out smelling like a rose! (767)

 A metaphor also compares, but a metaphor is a bit more sophisticated than a simile.  For one thing, in a metaphor, the words like or as are missing. So readers have to recognize the comparison on their own without those easy words which help us to spot a simile so quickly.

In a metaphor, a poet writes that X is Y. Readers understand that we are not to take the comparison literally, but that the metaphor helps us to see X in a new way. My brother is a prince. Razorback Stadium was a slaughterhouse.

Richard was a lion in the fight. Her eyes are dark emeralds. Her teeth are pearls. But Avoid Mixed Metaphors (combining two or more incompatible images in a single figure of speech): Management extended an olive branch in an attempt to break some of the ice between the company and the workers.

Kennedy and Gioia offer a kind of metaphor (767) lacking the actual “to be” verb (is, am, are, was, were and other such forms of the verb “to be”) called an Implied Metaphor What is implied here about the speaker’s love?  Oh, my love has petals and sharp thorns.  Oh, I placed my love into a long-stemmed vase And I bandaged my bleeding thumb. And here, what is implied about the city and the subway?  The subway coursed through the arteries of the city.

 This kind of metaphor may run through an entire work. In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, for example, the farm is compared to a nation, with different possible forms of goverance. This comparison extends throughout the novel.  Sometimes a poet will use an extended metaphor throughout a poem rather than simply as one single figure of speech in a poem.

 A dead metaphor has been so used and overused that it has lost its power to surprise, delight, or effectively compare. A cliché is a dead metaphor, a phrase so often repeated that it no longer has force: ◦ He hit the nail on the head. ◦ She was cool as a cucumber. ◦ Jump out of the frying pan and into the fire. ◦ This powerpoint show is crystal clear. ◦ Avoid the use of clichés in your own writing!

Another kind of comparison is called personification. Here, animals, elements of nature, and abstract ideas are given human qualities. John Milton calls time “the subtle thief of youth” (599). Homer refers to “the rosy fingers of dawn” (599). Other examples of personification ◦ The stars smiled down on us. – An angry wind slashed its way across the island.

The Ode:  This type of poem dates back to Ancient Greece  It’s a long, lyric poem usually addressed to a particular person or thing.  It generally deals with one main idea and can be written as a song of praise or to celebrate an experience, thing or a person.  The Romantic poets like Wordsworth, Keats and Shelley used this form of poetry. Pablo Neruda is a famous Latin American poet well-known for his odes. Ode to a Fountain Pen: “Oh beloved pen of midnight black ink, How I love to roll you down my nose.”

Ode to My Thumb: “Delicious appendage on my left hand. You are my favorite finger, my most tasty dessert.” Ode to Dancing: “’Kick up your heels Wave your hands in the air. There’s nothing as joyful as Dancing in pairs!”

Ode to My Teeth: Little white molars Striped with braces Help me make amusing faces