Roaring Twenties Chapter 12 Sections 1-2

Postwar Trends Exhausted ◦ Debate over League of Nations  Divided America Unemployment ◦ Returning Soldiers  Women / Minorities Cost of living had doubled Nativism Nativism ◦ Prejudice against foreign-born people Isolationism Isolationism ◦ Policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs

Fear of Communism Communism Communism ◦ Economic / political system based on a single- party government ◦ Ruled by a Dictatorship ◦ End to private property ◦ Government owns factories, railroads, and other businesses

Red Scare Vladimir I. Lenin --- Bolsheviks ◦ Soviet Union = 1 st communist state ◦ Red Flag Communist Party formed in U.S. ◦ 70,000 radicals joined ◦ Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) ◦ Bombs mailed to government / business leaders

Red Scare = Hunt Hunt down = Communists, Socialists, Anarchists Palmer Raids: ◦ U.S. Attorney General = A. Mitchell Palmer ◦ J. Edgar Hoover = assistant Trampled Civil Rights ◦ Invaded private homes / offices ◦ Jailing w/o legal counsel ◦ Hundreds deported Sacco and Vanzetti

Limiting Immigration “Keep America for Americans” Immigrants working for low wages U.S. had fewer unskilled jobs available KKK KKK rises again ◦ 100% Americanism ◦ 1924 = 4.5 million members ◦ Anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-communist, anti-internationalist, antievolutionist, anti-bootlegger, anti-gambling, anti-adultery anti-birth control

Quota System Emergency Quota Act of 1921 Emergency Quota Act of 1921 ◦ Quota System  Established the maximum number of people who could enter the U.S. from each country  Goal = cut European immigration

Labor / Unions WWI = No strikes Interfere with war 1919 ◦ 3,000 strikes ◦ 4 million workers walked out Employers did not want to give raises or join unions ◦ Labeled strikers as communists

Cont. Boston Police strike ▫ Governor – Calvin Coolidge  Raise/Right to join union  Called in National Guard --- “No right to strike against public safety”  Fired --- hired new policemen Steel Mill strike ▫ 300,000 men walked off the job ▫ Strike breakers hired ▫ Strikers beaten ▫ Wilson send plea to end deadlock

Unions Unions lose membership ◦ 5 million to 3.5 million  Most were immigrants  Spoke different languages  Farmers migrated to the cities – use to relying on themselves  Excluded African Americans

Harding Presidency Chapter 12 Section 2

Struggles for Peace Warren G. Harding ◦ Inherited problems  Arms control, war debts, and reconstruction  Washington Naval Conference  Invited major powers to D.C.  No more war ships be built - 10 yrs  5 major powers scrap largest warships  U.S, Japan, G.B, France, Italy  Agreed to Disarm

Tariffs Britain – France ◦ Pay back money borrowed = $10 billion ◦ Done in 2 ways  Sell goods to the U.S.  Collect reparations Fordney-McCumber Tariff Fordney-McCumber Tariff = 1922 ◦ Raised taxes on some U.S. imports = 60% ◦ Protected U.S. businesses ◦ Impossible for G.B. / France to make money

Debts Germany defaulted - inflation French troops marched in To avoid war ◦ American bankers sent to negotiate a loan ◦ American investors loaned Germany the money  $2.5 billion = Dawes Plan G.B. – France then paid the U.S. U.S. repaid with its own money Caused resentment

Harding Administration Ohio Gang Ohio Gang ◦ Presidents poker-playing cronies Corrupt friends used offices to become wealthy Graft Graft  Selling government and hospital supplies to private companies  Caught taking bribes

Teapot Dome Scandal Government set aside oil-rich lands Teapot Dome, WY / Elk Hills, CA Used by Navy Albert B. Fall ▫ Land transferred from Navy to Interior Department ▫ Land secretly leased to private oil companies = Shell $400,000 + ▫ Received $400,000 + in loans, bonds, and cash ▫ Found guilty of bribery “I have no trouble with my enemies…… But my friends…….. they’re the ones that keep me walking the floor at night!”