1. Post War Issues 1919-1921 Ch.12 Sec 1

2. From Victory to Reconversion How will America Adjust to the massive changes of the post- war world? How will America Adjust to the massive changes of the post- war world?

3. Ch 12 Sec 1 America struggles with Post-War Issues What was the reaction in the US to the perceived threat of communism or radical ideas? What was the reaction in the US to the perceived threat of communism or radical ideas? What were the causes and effects of the quota system? What were the causes and effects of the quota system? What were some postwar conflicts between labor and management? Why did they occur? What were some postwar conflicts between labor and management? Why did they occur?

4. Post War Situation US Exhausted After WWI US Exhausted After WWI US Divided over the League of Nations Issue US Divided over the League of Nations Issue Progressive Era brought major changes to American Life Progressive Era brought major changes to American Life Economic Adjustments, Returning Soldiers, and Strikes Economic Adjustments, Returning Soldiers, and Strikes Cost of Living Doubled, Inflation Cost of Living Doubled, Inflation Decline in Farm/Factory Orders Decline in Farm/Factory Orders

5. Postwar Trends American response to stress and post-war struggles: Fear! American response to stress and post-war struggles: Fear! Nativism – A prejudice against foreign-born people," You could not be 100% American!” Nativism – A prejudice against foreign-born people," You could not be 100% American!” Isolationism – a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs. Isolationism – a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs.

6. Communist Fears Communism – an economic and political system based on single party government ruled by a dictatorship. Gov. owns all property. Communism – an economic and political system based on single party government ruled by a dictatorship. Gov. owns all property. Lenin, USSR 1917

7. The Red Scare in the US The Panic began in 1919 after Lenin’s Bolsheviks over threw the Czar and the Provisional Gov. and created the USSR The Panic began in 1919 after Lenin’s Bolsheviks over threw the Czar and the Provisional Gov. and created the USSR 70,000 joined the Communist party of the US, some from the IWW or “Wobblies” 70,000 joined the Communist party of the US, some from the IWW or “Wobblies” Mail bombs were mailed to gov. and business leaders, including Att.Gen.A. Mitchell Palmer Mail bombs were mailed to gov. and business leaders, including Att.Gen.A. Mitchell Palmer

8. Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover

9. The Palmer Raids Att. Gen. Mitchell A. Palmer appointed J.Edgar Hoover as a special assistant to hunt down suspected Communists, Socialists, Anarchists and Radicals. Att. Gen. Mitchell A. Palmer appointed J.Edgar Hoover as a special assistant to hunt down suspected Communists, Socialists, Anarchists and Radicals. They trampled civil rights, invaded homes, halls, and offices offered no legal counsel and deported hundreds. (SS Buford) “Soviet Ark” They trampled civil rights, invaded homes, halls, and offices offered no legal counsel and deported hundreds. (SS Buford) “Soviet Ark” No Conspiracy was found. Palmer was discredited. No Conspiracy was found. Palmer was discredited.

10. Sacco and Vanzetti Famous Victims of the Nativist Attitude in the US Famous Victims of the Nativist Attitude in the US

11. Sacco and Vanzetti Sacco was a shoemaker, Vanzetti a fish peddler Sacco was a shoemaker, Vanzetti a fish peddler Both were Italian immigrants and anarchists Both were Italian immigrants and anarchists Both evaded the draft during WWI Both evaded the draft during WWI In May 1920 both were arrested and charged with robbery and murder in Mass. The evidence was circumstantial. In May 1920 both were arrested and charged with robbery and murder in Mass. The evidence was circumstantial. Both were sentenced to death, Protests began Both were sentenced to death, Protests began Both were electrocuted on Aug. 1927 Both were electrocuted on Aug. 1927

13. Nativism and the KKK Red Scare, Anti-immigrant feelings, and anti-communism gave bigots an excuse to harass anyone different from themselves Red Scare, Anti-immigrant feelings, and anti-communism gave bigots an excuse to harass anyone different from themselves By 1924 membership in the KKK reached 4.5 million who claimed to be 100% American By 1924 membership in the KKK reached 4.5 million who claimed to be 100% American The harassed Blacks, Catholics, Jews, and Immigrants The harassed Blacks, Catholics, Jews, and Immigrants

15. The Quota System From 1919 – 1921 the number of immigrants had grown from 141,000 to 805,000 people. From 1919 – 1921 the number of immigrants had grown from 141,000 to 805,000 people. The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set up the quota system The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set up the quota system It set a maximum number that could enter the US by country It set a maximum number that could enter the US by country It discriminated against Eastern and Southern Europeans, mainly Catholics and Jews It discriminated against Eastern and Southern Europeans, mainly Catholics and Jews

16. A Time Of Labor Unrest In 1919 there were some 3,000 strikes in which 4 million workers walked off the job. In 1919 there were some 3,000 strikes in which 4 million workers walked off the job. Striking Workers were labeled as Communists or radicals Striking Workers were labeled as Communists or radicals Inflation was high yet employers wanted to keep wages down Inflation was high yet employers wanted to keep wages down Major Strikes caught Americans attention Major Strikes caught Americans attention

17. The Boston Police Strike Boston Police were given no raise and could not unionize Boston Police were given no raise and could not unionize The police went on strike looting occurred, Gov. Calvin Coolidge called out the National Guard The police went on strike looting occurred, Gov. Calvin Coolidge called out the National Guard New Police were hired, and Coolidge gained recognition New Police were hired, and Coolidge gained recognition Should Public Services industries go on strike? Should Public Services industries go on strike?

19. Governor Coolidge

20. The Steel Mill Strike In Sept. 1919 Steel Workers wanted shorter hours, higher wages, union recognition and the right to collectively bargain. In Sept. 1919 Steel Workers wanted shorter hours, higher wages, union recognition and the right to collectively bargain. 300,000 steel workers walked off the job 300,000 steel workers walked off the job Strikers were beaten by police, federal troop and state militias. Strikers were beaten by police, federal troop and state militias. An 8- Hour workday was granted, but no Union recognition. An 8- Hour workday was granted, but no Union recognition.

21. Steel Strike 1919

22. The Coal Miners Strike In 1919 the United Mine Workers (AFL) protested long work days and low wages In 1919 the United Mine Workers (AFL) protested long work days and low wages Union Leader John L. Lewis defined a court order to keep the strike going Union Leader John L. Lewis defined a court order to keep the strike going Arbitration yielded a 27% pay increase for the miners, yet their workday remained the same. Arbitration yielded a 27% pay increase for the miners, yet their workday remained the same. 18 Strikers Killed 18 Strikers Killed

23. Labor Movement Loses Appeal Union membership drops from 5 mil to 3.5 mil Union membership drops from 5 mil to 3.5 mil Immigrants were willing to work in poor conditions Immigrants were willing to work in poor conditions Language barrier made it difficult to unionize immigrant workers Language barrier made it difficult to unionize immigrant workers Most Unions excluded African Americans Most Unions excluded African Americans In the mid to late 1920’s a good economy makes people less likely to join unions In the mid to late 1920’s a good economy makes people less likely to join unions