Rebellions and Restoration HI 168: Lecture 3 Dr. Howard Chiang.

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Rebellions and Restoration HI 168: Lecture 3 Dr. Howard Chiang

Partitioning of China - Queen Victoria - William II (Germany) - Nicholas II (Russia) - French Marianne - Meiji Emperor

The Origins of Rebellion Sub-ethnic consciousness High degree of militarization Miao Rebellions ( & ) - Fu Nai – military agricultural colonies Secret societies of the south - Triads - Three Harmonies Society ( 三合會 ), Three Dots Society ( 三點會 ), Heaven and Earth Society ( 天地會 ) or collectively as Vast Gate ( 洪門 ) - coexistence with orthodox society

The Origins of Rebellion Secret societies of the south - ‘Overthrow the Qing and restore the Ming’ ( 反清復明 ) major uprising in Taiwan - extended to the rich counties around the Pearl River Delta - Red Turban Revolt of 1854 The White Lotus Rebellion ( 白蓮教 ) - Henan-Anhui to Hubei-Szechuan- Shanxi

The Origins of Rebellion The White Lotus Rebellion ( 白蓮教 ) , Qing ordered investigation of WL congregations in central China , open revolt , substantially annihilated - suppression of internal rebellion required the cooperation of local elite and the hiring of mercenaries - ruinous to the imperial treasury – suppression costs 120 million taels

The Taiping Rebellion Social Background: - Canton – problems associated with opium smuggling, trafficking, and smoking and opium war itself - Guangxi – pirates ; Shanghai diverted trade away; mercenaries demobilized; bureaucrats increasingly powerless; a delegation sent to Peking in 1850

Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全

Feng Yunshan 馮雲山

The Taiping Rebellion 1850: God Worshipping Society ( 拜上帝會, Bai shangdi hui) 1851: Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace ( 太平天國, Taiping tianguo) Sep 1852: Changhsai, Hunan capital Jan 1853: Wuchang, Hubei capital March 19, 1853: Nanking, ‘Heavenly Capital’ - ‘1 st Nanjing Massacre’ The Land Regulations of the Heavenly Dynasty

Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 - Hunan Army (1853) - Anhui Army (1862)

Other Rebellions The Nian Rebellion ( 捻軍起義, ) - ecological disasters, N. central China - leader: Zhang Lexin ( 張樂行 ) Panthay Rebellion ( ) - Yunan; leader: Du Wenxiu ( 杜文秀 ) - Kingdom of Panthay ( 平南國 ) Northwest Muslim Rebellion ( 陝甘回民起義, ) - Shaanxi-Gansu area

Li Hongzhang 李鴻章

Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠

Self-Strengthening Movement ( ) First Phase ( ) - conservative culturalists vs. self- strengtheners - Prince Gong, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, and Zuo Zongtang Second Phase ( ) - more self-strengthening - undercut by the lack of funds Empress Dowager Cixi - China’s de factor ruler

Prince Gong ( )

Fuzhou Shipyard

Empress Dowager Cixi ( )

Guangxu Emperor ( )