3. Qing Problems Corruption – Examination System (cheating – bribing/substitutes, favoritism,  less skilled bureaucrats Government revenues  stolen by bureaucrats  less funding for public projects  peasants particularly hurt especially when government funding was not available for building/maintaining dikes (floods=destruction of land/animals) Internal problems – food shortages/vagabonds, bandits Belief that the Qing had lost the Mandate of Heaven

4. McCartney Expedition - 1792 Purpose – open more trade with China due to a massive trade deficit between China and Britain (British silver  China for luxury items) Get rid of the Canton System Example of Ethnocentrism Result – Qing refused to acknowledge the credentials of the British diplomat and British refused to perform the kowtow AND THEN the Chinese refused to bow before a portrait of the king of England. Change in British attitudes toward the Chinese – they are arrogant, authoritarian and backward.

5. Opium Wars  Qing rulers – inept, conservative, corrupt, technologically deficient,  Trade imbalance with Britain – Chinese would accept payment in Indian opium (that way British gold/silver didn’t go to China)  IT WORKED – by the 1820s the balance of trade had shifted and China was paying Britain in silver.  PROTESTS Chinese government filed protests with the East India Co. Chinese enforced ban on opium trade Blockade established around European trading areas and searches began for opium British protested the ban on opium in the name of free trade  WAR 1839 Britain declare war (junks vs. gunboats; swords, knives, spears, muskets vs. rifles) Britain took land up the Yangzi River and Grand Canal 1850s more conflict, but ultimately Britain was able to control Chinese trade

6. Unequal Treaties  Treaty of Nanking (after 1839-42 Opium War) Dismantled Canton system Increased # of ports to 5 Extraterritorial rights for British citizens 5% tariff (low tariff on British goods) Most favored nation status to Britain  Unequal Treaties (after 1850s Opium War) After fighting in 1850s…Unequal Treaties Beijing opened to trade More trade ports Britain AND other countries had influence  spheres of influence

7. Taiping Rebellion  Opium Wars + Loss of trade= MASSIVE internal rebellions (that pesky mandate of heaven thing)  Hong Xiuquan (Jesus’ younger brother) – Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace – mission…drive Qing out thus ridding China of the “creatures of Satan”  Proposed reforms enabled the movement to appeal to a broader group (abolition of private property and footbinding, free public education, democratic gov’t)  Cult like following and forced conversions  1864 – Qing (scholar gentry) and foreign aid forcibly put down the rebellion…20-30 million dead…massive agricultural decline and epidemic disease

8. Self-Strengthening Movement  Scholar Gentry  Goal – counter the West by modernizing the West from within by RR and factories and updated military technology  Significance – demonstrates weakness of Qing  Cixi – Dowager empress “dragon lady” – resisted reforms  Boxer Rebellion – rebellion to expel the “foreign devils”, put down by foreign aid to Qing  China is no longer in control of its political or economic systems

9. End of the Qing  Secret Societies – young gentry and merchants who wanted to overthrow the Qing  Lost war to Japan (Sino-Japanese War)  Lost Vietnam to France  Lost Korea to Japan  Lost Manchuria to Russia  Movement begins to replace the dynasty model for a nation-state  1911 – Revolution (Sun Yat-sen) – Nationalist Revolution