Chordates Jenny Cleary Katrina Koch

General characteristics Deuterosome coelomates Bilateral Symmetry Three Well Developed Germ Layers Typically have: o Endoskeleton o Closed circulatory system with ventral hearts

4 Derived Characteristics Notochord at some time in life cycle o Dorsal, longitudinal rod, firm but flexible, support Dorsal Tubular Nerve Cord at some time in cycle o Hollow, dorsal location, single Pharyngeal slits at some time in life cycle o In embryo-series of alternating branchial archest grooves develop in the wall of throat region Larva or embryo with postanal tail

Subphylum Urochordata Larva: o Pharynx with slits o Long muscular tail  Notochord  Dorsal, tubular nerve cord Adult: o Lose tail, notochord, nervous system o Attach to sea bottom-sessile Larval and Adult Tunicate

Two openings o Incurrent & Excurrent Reproduction o Asexual: Budding o Sexual: Hermaphrodite Suspension Feeders o Cilia create current, filter water o Passes through atrium o Discharged through excurrent siphon Urochordata cont’d

Cephalochordata Chordate characteristics well developed Notochord; Tubular, dorsal never chord; Pharyngeal region with slits Circulatory pattern similar to fish

Cephalochordata Cont’d Water passes through pharyngeal slits to atrium Wastes excreted by arranged protonephridia that open to atrium Reproduction: o Sexual: External  Sperm and eggs released into water and fertilized

Vertebrata Marine and terrestrial

Common Traits Endoskeleton-living, growing tissue o Vertebral Column-forms skeletal axis, develops around notochord, vertebrae o Cranium (brain case) enclose brain o Derived from neural crest cells  Cephalization-nerve cells concentrate in definite head Well developed sense organs Appendages Closed circulatory system Endocrine glands-secrete hormones

Myxiniformes Jawless Marine Skeleton of cartilage Partial Cranium Take in water through pharynx Reproduce sexually: o Hermaphroditic, External Secrete slime like substance

Petromyzontiformes Jawless Freshwater and marine Cartilaginous skeleton Complete cranium Spawn in fresh water (if anadromous) Eggs hatch into ammocoetes Stay larval up to 7 years Spawn, die shortly after ‘Nostril’ for gas exchange Secrete slime

Chrondrichtyes Jawed Marine and freshwater Cartilaginous skeleton Gills for gas exchange, Cloaca to secrete waste Developed sense organs Notochord replaced by vertebrae in adult Reproduction: Sexually, internally

Actinopterygii Bony, ray-finned Marine, freshwater Gills for gas exchange Swim bladder Cloaca for secretion of waste Reproduction: o Eggs laid and fertilized externally

Actinistia Bony Marine Nocturnal 7-lobed fins External nasal openings Cloaca ovoviviparous (?)

Amphibia Gas exchange through gills as larva, lungs as adult Two-atria heart Systematic and pulmonary circulation Reproduction: Sexually, externally Larva go through metamorphosis First successful land vertebrates Secrete solid and liquid waste, and through their skin

Reptilia Tetrapods, hard scales Leathery skin Mainly terrestrial Gas exchange through lungs Reproduction: Sexual, internal Ventricle heart partially divided

Aves Tetrapods with feathers Modified appendages Compact body Lungs for gas exchange, solid waste Four-chambered heart Endotherms Vocal chords Reproduction: Sexual, internal