Aim: How can we locate the epicenter of an Earthquake? Although a seismogram tells scientists the distance between the seismograph station and the earthquake epicenter; it does not actually give scientists enough information on how to locate the epicenter. To locate the epicenter of an earthquake, scientists needs to know the distances from at least three different stations to determine the exact place or location of the quake.

Earthquake Waves By determining the time of arrival for both the P and S waves at a location we can determine how far away the Earthquakes epicenter is from the seismograph. This does NOT tell us what direction the waves are coming from.

Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake Part I: Finding the distance to the epicenter Step 1: Determine the difference in arrival time for your P-wave, and your S-wave. S-wave 03:27:15 P-wave 03:21:15

Calculation – difference in arrival time 03:27:15 -03:21:15 00:06:00 minutes

Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake Part I: Finding the distance to the epicenter Step 2: Take out your ESRT. Open to the Travel Time Graph on page 11. Step 3: Use the vertical scale (time) to mark off the difference in arrival time on a scrap sheet of paper. 00:06:00 minutes

Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake Part I: Finding the distance to the epicenter Step 4: Make sure to keep your scrap paper vertical! Slide it along the curves until it lines up on each of the curves. Be very accurate!!!!!

Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake Part I: Finding the distance to the epicenter Step 5: Read off the distance from the horizontal axis that corresponds to this spot. This is the distance between the epicenter and your seismograph location. This distance is the radius of a circle around the seismograph.

Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake Part I: Finding the distance to the epicenter Step 6: Repeat steps 1-5 for at least 2 other seismograph locations. It is necessary to have at least 3 stations, if you do not you can not be sure of the exact location of the epicenter. Common Regents Question

Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake Part II Locating the Epicenter Step 1: Find the location of your first seismographic station on the map. Step 2: Use a compass or string to create a circle with its center at your seismograph location, and a radius equal to the distance you found.

Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake Part II Locating the Epicenter Step 3: Repeat this procedure around two other seismographic stations. Where the three circles all intersect (cross) is where your epicenter is located. If the circles do not all intersect, but form a small triangle, the epicenter is the center of the triangle.

Locating the Epicenter Epicenter Location

Figure 2.13

Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake Part III: Origin time of the Earthquake Step 1: From the distances determined in Part I, determine how long it would take a P-wave to travel that distance.

Origin Time of Earthquake P-wave Travel Time = 00:07:40 Step 2: Find the distance on the horizontal axis. Go up to the point where you hit the P-wave travel line. Go over to the vertical axis and read off the travel time for the P-wave. Distance = 4,400 km

Origin Time Story We have the P-wave arrival time at the seismograph, and the time that it took to get there, so we need to find the time the wave left the focus of the earthquake (origin time of the seismic waves). You went to a party, you arrived at 06:30:00, it took 00:12:15 to get there, what time did you leave your house? Calculation: 06:30:00 – arrival time -00:12:15 – travel time 06:17:45 – time of departure Check your work: 06:17:45 – departure +00:12:15 – travel time 06:30:00 – arrival time

Origin Time of Earthquake Step 3: Taking the time found in step 1, subtract this from the arrival of the P wave and that is the original time of the earthquake. Calculation 03:21:15 - P-wave Arrival Time -00:07:40 - Travel Time for P-wave @ 4,400km 03:13:35 - Origin Time (when the earthquake occurred)