1. Earthquake Waves Chapter 6-2

2. Focus and epicenter Actual location of fault Up to 700 km below surface

3. Focus and epicenter Surface location directly above the focus Actual location of fault Up to 700 km below surface

4. P-waves Primary waves -Compression waves

5. P-waves Primary waves -Compression waves -Travel in a horizontal direction

6. P-waves Primary waves -Compression waves -Travel in a horizontal direction -First to arrive at a distant location

7. S-waves Secondary waves - vibrate at right angles to p-wave

8. S-waves Secondary waves - vibrate at right angles to p-wave - particles move back and forth but wave moves forward

9. S-waves Secondary waves - vibrate at right angles to p-wave - particles move back and forth but wave moves forward - second to arrive at distant location

10. Surface Waves Surface waves - travel parallel to Earth’s surface

11. Surface Waves Surface waves - travel parallel to Earth’s surface - have greatest height

12. Surface Waves Surface waves - travel parallel to Earth’s surface - have greatest height - move like an ocean wave

13. Surface Waves Surface waves - travel parallel to Earth’s surface - have greatest height - move like an ocean wave - last to arrive at distant location - are responsible for damage

14. Locating Epicenter Time lag between P-wave and S-wave indicate how far the earthquake is from a seismograph station. Lag Time

15. Locating Epicenter The lag time tells us how far we are from an earthquake but not from which direction Epicenter can be any where on radius of the circle

16. Locating Epicenter At least three seismograph stations are needed to pinpoint the epicenter of an earthquake Infinite number of possible epicenters

17. Locating Epicenter At least three seismograph stations are needed to pinpoint the epicenter of an earthquake Possible epicenter Possible epicenter Two seismograph stations narrow possible epicenters down to two

18. Locating Epicenter At least three seismograph stations are needed to pinpoint the epicenter of an earthquake Three epicenters narrows possible locations down to one epicenter

20. Measuring Earthquakes Mercalli Scale - rates earthquake according to level of damage at a given location - 12 steps to scale - same earthquake can have different rating at different locations

21. Measuring Earthquakes Richter Scale - rates earthquake’s magnitude based on size of seismic waves - works well with small, nearby quakes - waves are measured by a seismograph

22. Measuring Earthquakes Moment Magnitude Scale - estimates the total energy released by an earthquake - can rate all earthquakes - scientists look at type and strength of waves, amount of movement, and strength of rocks that broke