Title Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 29 Image Slides

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. megaphylls microphylls seeds flowers, double fertilization, endosperm, fruit Flowering plants Gymnosperms Ferns and allies Mosses Lycophytes Vascular Nonvascular Seedless Bryophytes Seed Liverworts Charophytes PRESENT vascular tissue common green algal ancestor embryo protection Million Years Ago (MYA) common ancestor

Fig diploid (2n) haploid (n) sporophyte (2n) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig diploid (2n) haploid (n) sporangium (2n) sporophyte (2n) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig spore (n) diploid (2n) MEIOSIS haploid (n) sporangium (2n) sporophyte (2n) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig spore (n) diploid (2n) MEIOSIS haploid (n) Mitosis sporangium (2n) sporophyte (2n) gametophyte (n) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig spore (n) gametes (n) diploid (2n) MEIOSIS haploid (n) Mitosis sporangium (2n) sporophyte (2n) gametophyte (n) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig zygote (2n) spore (n) gametes (n) diploid (2n) MEIOSIS haploid (n) Mitosis sporangium (2n) sporophyte (2n) FERTILIZATION gametophyte (n) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 29.3a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Gametophyte (n) Sporophyte (2n) rhizoids spores Moss

Fig. 29.3b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Gametophyte (n) Sporophyte (2n) Fern roots rhizoids spores

Fig. 29.3c Gametophyte (n) Sporophyte (2n) Gymnosperm roots seed Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 29.3d Angiosperm roots seed Gametophyte (n) Sporophyte (2n) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig Gametophyte (n) Sporophyte (2n) FernGymnospermAngiosperm (2n) (n) roots rhizoids seed spores GametophyteGametophyte SporophyteSporophyte Moss Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 29.4a a. Gemma cup gemma cup gemma thallus rhizoids Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. sperm egg Archegonia Antheridia Gametophytes haploid (n) diploid (2n) rhizoids 1. The mature gametophytes: In mosses, the leafy gametophyte shoots bear either antheridia or archegonia, where gametes are produced by mitosis.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. zygote sperm egg Archegonia Antheridia Gametophytes haploid (n) diploid (2n) rhizoids FERTILIZATION 2. Fertilization: Flagellated sperm produced in antheridia swim in external water to archegonia, each bearing a single egg. 1. The mature gametophytes: In mosses, the leafy gametophyte shoots bear either antheridia or archegonia, where gametes are produced by mitosis.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. zygote sperm egg Archegonia Antheridia Gametophytes haploid (n) diploid (2n) Mitosis rhizoids 3. The zygote: The zygote and developing sporophyte are retained within the archegonium. developing sporophyte FERTILIZATION 2. Fertilization: Flagellated sperm produced in antheridia swim in external water to archegonia, each bearing a single egg. 1. The mature gametophytes: In mosses, the leafy gametophyte shoots bear either antheridia or archegonia, where gametes are produced by mitosis.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. foot (n) zygote sperm egg Archegonia Antheridia capsule Sporophyte stalk Sporangium Gametophytes haploid (n) diploid (2n) Mitosis rhizoids 3. The zygote: The zygote and developing sporophyte are retained within the archegonium. developing sporophyte FERTILIZATION 2. Fertilization: Flagellated sperm produced in antheridia swim in external water to archegonia, each bearing a single egg. 1. The mature gametophytes: In mosses, the leafy gametophyte shoots bear either antheridia or archegonia, where gametes are produced by mitosis. 4. The sporophyte: The mature sporophyte has a foot buried in female gametophyte tissue, a stalk, and an upper capsule (the sporangium), where meiosis occurs and spores are produced.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. foot (n) zygote sperm egg Archegonia Antheridia teeth capsule Sporophyte operculum Spores stalk Sporangium Gametophytes haploid (n) diploid (2n) MEIOSIS Mitosis rhizoids 3. The zygote: The zygote and developing sporophyte are retained within the archegonium. developing sporophyte FERTILIZATION 2. Fertilization: Flagellated sperm produced in antheridia swim in external water to archegonia, each bearing a single egg. 1. The mature gametophytes: In mosses, the leafy gametophyte shoots bear either antheridia or archegonia, where gametes are produced by mitosis. 4. The sporophyte: The mature sporophyte has a foot buried in female gametophyte tissue, a stalk, and an upper capsule (the sporangium), where meiosis occurs and spores are produced. 5. The spore: When the calyptra and lid (operculum) of a capsule fall off, the spores are mature. One or two rings of teeth project inward from the margin of the capsule. The teeth close the opening, except when the weather is dry. 6. Spore dispersal: Spores are released when they are most likely to be dispersed by air currents.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. foot (n) zygote sperm egg Archegonia Antheridia teeth capsule Sporophyte operculum Spores stalk Sporangium Gametophytes Protonema buds haploid (n) diploid (2n) MEIOSIS Mitosis rhizoids 3. The zygote: The zygote and developing sporophyte are retained within the archegonium. developing sporophyte FERTILIZATION 2. Fertilization: Flagellated sperm produced in antheridia swim in external water to archegonia, each bearing a single egg. 1. The mature gametophytes: In mosses, the leafy gametophyte shoots bear either antheridia or archegonia, where gametes are produced by mitosis. 4. The sporophyte: The mature sporophyte has a foot buried in female gametophyte tissue, a stalk, and an upper capsule (the sporangium), where meiosis occurs and spores are produced. 5. The spore: When the calyptra and lid (operculum) of a capsule fall off, the spores are mature. One or two rings of teeth project inward from the margin of the capsule. The teeth close the opening, except when the weather is dry. 6. Spore dispersal: Spores are released when they are most likely to be dispersed by air currents. 7. The immature gametophyte: A spore germinates into a male or female protonema, the first stage of the male and the female gametophytes.

Fig. 29.7b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. strobili branches aerial stem leaves rhizome root

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sporophyte fiddlehead rhizome roots haploid (n) diploid (2n) 1. The sporophyte: The sporophyte is dominant in ferns.

rhizome sporangium aerial stem scale Fig b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. strobilus branches leaves rhizome root node

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sporophyte seed cone pollen cones haploid (n) diploid (2n) The seed cones: The seed cones are larger than the pollen cones and are located near the tips of higher branches. 1. The pollen cones: Typically, the pollen cones are quite small and develop near the tips of lower branches.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sporophyte Ovule pollen cone scale microsporocyte seed cone pollen cones haploid (n) diploid (2n) Pollen sac The seed cones: The seed cones are larger than the pollen cones and are located near the tips of higher branches. 2. The pollen sacs (microsporangia): A pollen cone has two pollen sacs that lie on the underside of each scale. 1. The pollen cones: Typically, the pollen cones are quite small and develop near the tips of lower branches.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sporophyte Ovule pollen cone scale microsporocyte seed cone pollen cones Microspores MEIOSIS haploid (n) diploid (2n) Pollen sac The seed cones: The seed cones are larger than the pollen cones and are located near the tips of higher branches. 3. Microspores: Within pollen sacs, each microsporocyte (microspore mother cell) undergoes meiosis and produces four microspores. 1. The pollen cones: Typically, the pollen cones are quite small and develop near the tips of lower branches. 2. The pollen sacs (microsporangia): A pollen cone has two pollen sacs that lie on the underside of each scale.

Table 29.1

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. petals (corolla)sepals (calyx) stamens carpel (pistil) anther filament stigma ovary ovule style receptacle pollen tube

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. StamenCarpel stigma style ovary ovule filament anther haploid (n) diploid (2n) The carpel: The ovary at the base of a carpel contains one or more ovules. The contents of an ovule change during the flowering plant life cycle. 1. The stamen: An anther at the top of a stamen has four pollen sacs. Pollen grains are produced in pollen sacs.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anther: (microsporangium) microsporocyte StamenCarpel stigma style ovary ovule filament anther haploid (n) diploid (2n) pollen sac 2. The microsporangia: Pollen sacs of the anther are microsporangia, where each microsporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four microspores. The carpel: The ovary at the base of a carpel contains one or more ovules. The contents of an ovule change during the flowering plant life cycle. 1. The stamen: An anther at the top of a stamen has four pollen sacs. Pollen grains are produced in pollen sacs.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Microspores Anther: (microsporangium) microsporocyte StamenCarpel stigma style ovary ovule filament anther MEIOSIS haploid (n) diploid (2n) pollen sac 2. The microsporangia: Pollen sacs of the anther are microsporangia, where each microsporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four microspores. The carpel: The ovary at the base of a carpel contains one or more ovules. The contents of an ovule change during the flowering plant life cycle. 1. The stamen: An anther at the top of a stamen has four pollen sacs. Pollen grains are produced in pollen sacs. 3. Microspores: Each microspore in a pollen sac undergoes mitosis to become an immature pollen grain with two cells: the tube cell and the generative cell. The pollen sacs open, and the pollen grains are windblown or carried by an animal carrie r, usually to other flowers. This is pollination.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Microspores Anther: (microsporangium) microsporocyte StamenCarpel stigma style ovary ovule filament anther MEIOSIS haploid (n) diploid (2n) pollen sac 2. The microsporangia: Pollen sacs of the anther are microsporangia, where each microsporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four microspores. generative cell tube cell nucleus pollen grain Mitosis 4. The mature male gametophyte: A pollen grain that lands on the carpel of the same type of plant germinates and produces a pollen tube, which grows within the style until it reaches an ovule in the ovar y. Inside the pollen tube, the generative cell nucleus divides and produces two nonflagellated sperm. A fully germinated pollen grain is the mature The carpel: The ovary at the base of a carpel contains one or more ovules. The contents of an ovule change during the flowering plant life cycle. 1. The stamen: An anther at the top of a stamen has four pollen sacs. Pollen grains are produced in pollen sacs. 3. Microspores: Each microspore in a pollen sac undergoes mitosis to become an immature pollen grain with two cells: the tube cell and the generative cell. The pollen sacs open, and the pollen grains are windblown or carried by an animal carrie r, usually to other flowers. This is pollination.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. generative cell tube cell nucleus Microspores pollen grain Anther: (microsporangium) microsporocyte StamenCarpel stigma style ovary ovule filament anther MEIOSIS haploid (n) diploid (2n) megasporocyte Mitosis pollen sac 2. The microsporangia: Pollen sacs of the anther are microsporangia, where each microsporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four microspores. The megasporangium: First, an ovule within an ovary contains a megasporangium, where a megasporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores. 4. The mature male gametophyte: A pollen grain that lands on the carpel of the same type of plant germinates and produces a pollen tube, which grows within the style until it reaches an ovule in the ovar y. Inside the pollen tube, the generative cell nucleus divides and produces two nonflagellated sperm. A fully germinated pollen grain is the mature The carpel: The ovary at the base of a carpel contains one or more ovules. The contents of an ovule change during the flowering plant life cycle. 1. The stamen: An anther at the top of a stamen has four pollen sacs. Pollen grains are produced in pollen sacs. 3. Microspores: Each microspore in a pollen sac undergoes mitosis to become an immature pollen grain with two cells: the tube cell and the generative cell. The pollen sacs open, and the pollen grains are windblown or carried by an animal carrie r, usually to other flowers. This is pollination. stigma style ovary integument Ovule: megasporangium

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Megaspores generative cell tube cell nucleus Microspores pollen grain Anther: (microsporangium) microsporocyte StamenCarpel stigma style ovary ovule filament anther MEIOSIS haploid (n) diploid (2n) megasporocyte Mitosis Ovule degenerating megaspores pollen sac 2. The microsporangia: Pollen sacs of the anther are microsporangia, where each microsporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four microspores. The megasporangium: First, an ovule within an ovary contains a megasporangium, where a megasporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores. 4. The mature male gametophyte: A pollen grain that lands on the carpel of the same type of plant germinates and produces a pollen tube, which grows within the style until it reaches an ovule in the ovar y. Inside the pollen tube, the generative cell nucleus divides and produces two nonflagellated sperm. A fully germinated pollen grain is the mature The carpel: The ovary at the base of a carpel contains one or more ovules. The contents of an ovule change during the flowering plant life cycle. 1. The stamen: An anther at the top of a stamen has four pollen sacs. Pollen grains are produced in pollen sacs. stigma style ovary integument Ovule: megasporangium 3. Microspores: Each microspore in a pollen sac undergoes mitosis to become an immature pollen grain with two cells: the tube cell and the generative cell. The pollen sacs open, and the pollen grains are windblown or carried by an animal carrie r, usually to other flowers. This is pollination. Megaspores: Inside the ovule of an ovar y, three megaspores disintegrate, and only the remaining one undergoes mitosis to become a female gametophyte.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Megaspores generative cell tube cell nucleus Microspores pollen grain Anther: (microsporangium) microsporocyte egg antipodals synergids polar nuclei StamenCarpel stigma style ovary ovule filament anther MEIOSIS haploid (n) diploid (2n) megasporocyte Mitosis Ovule The mature female gametophyte: The ovule now contains the mature female gametophyte (embryo sac), which typically consists of eight haploid nuclei embedded in a mass of cytoplasm. The cytoplasm differentiates into cells, one of which is an egg and another of which contains two polar nuclei. 4. The mature male gametophyte: A pollen grain that lands on the carpel of the same type of plant germinates and produces a pollen tube, which grows within the style until it reaches an ovule in the ovar y. Inside the pollen tube, the generative cell nucleus divides and produces two nonflagellated sperm. A fully germinated pollen grain is the mature Embryo sac (mature female gametophyte) degenerating megaspores pollen sac 2. The microsporangia: Pollen sacs of the anther are microsporangia, where each microsporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four microspores. The megasporangium: First, an ovule within an ovary contains a megasporangium, where a megasporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores. The carpel: The ovary at the base of a carpel contains one or more ovules. The contents of an ovule change during the flowering plant life cycle. 1. The stamen: An anther at the top of a stamen has four pollen sacs. Pollen grains are produced in pollen sacs. 3. Microspores: Each microspore in a pollen sac undergoes mitosis to become an immature pollen grain with two cells: the tube cell and the generative cell. The pollen sacs open, and the pollen grains are windblown or carried by an animal carrie r, usually to other flowers. This is pollination. Megaspores: Inside the ovule of an ovar y, three megaspores disintegrate, and only the remaining one undergoes mitosis to become a female gametophyte. stigma style ovary integument Ovule: megasporangium

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Megaspores generative cell sperm pollen tube tube cell nucleus Microspores (mature male gametophyte) pollen grain Pollination polar nuclei integument egg Anther: (microsporangium) microsporocyte egg antipodals synergids polar nuclei StamenCarpel stigma style ovary ovule filament anther MEIOSIS haploid (n) diploid (2n) sperm megasporocyte Mitosis Ovule The mature female gametophyte: The ovule now contains the mature female gametophyte (embryo sac), which typically consists of eight haploid nuclei embedded in a mass of cytoplasm. The cytoplasm differentiates into cells, one of which is an egg and another of which contains two polar nuclei. 4. The mature male gametophyte: A pollen grain that lands on the carpel of the same type of plant germinates and produces a pollen tube, which grows within the style until it reaches an ovule in the ovar y. Inside the pollen tube, the generative cell nucleus divides and produces two nonflagellated sperm. A fully germinated pollen grain is the mature 5. Double fertilization: On reaching the ovule, the pollen tube discharges the sperm. One of the two sperm migrates to and fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote; the other unites with the two polar nuclei, producing a 3n (triploid) endosperm nucleus. The endosperm nucleus divides to form Embryo sac (mature female gametophyte) degenerating megaspores pollen sac 2. The microsporangia: Pollen sacs of the anther are microsporangia, where each microsporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four microspores. The megasporangium: First, an ovule within an ovary contains a megasporangium, where a megasporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores. pollen tube FERTILIZATION The carpel: The ovary at the base of a carpel contains one or more ovules. The contents of an ovule change during the flowering plant life cycle. 1. The stamen: An anther at the top of a stamen has four pollen sacs. Pollen grains are produced in pollen sacs. 3. Microspores: Each microspore in a pollen sac undergoes mitosis to become an immature pollen grain with two cells: the tube cell and the generative cell. The pollen sacs open, and the pollen grains are windblown or carried by an animal carrie r, usually to other flowers. This is pollination. Megaspores: Inside the ovule of an ovar y, three megaspores disintegrate, and only the remaining one undergoes mitosis to become a female gametophyte. stigma style ovary integument Ovule: megasporangium

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Megaspores generative cell sperm pollen tube tube cell nucleus Microspores (mature male gametophyte) pollen grain Pollination polar nuclei integument egg Seed endosperm (3n) embryo seed coat Sporophyte Anther: (microsporangium) microsporocyte egg antipodals synergids polar nuclei StamenCarpel stigma style ovary ovule filament anther MEIOSIS haploid (n) diploid (2n) sperm megasporocyte integument Mitosis Ovule 7. The sporophyte: The embryo within a seed is the immature sporophyte. When a seed germinates, growth and differentiation produce the mature sporophyte of a flowering plant. 6. The seed: The ovule now develops into the seed, which contains an embryo and food enclosed by a protective seed coat. The wall of the ovary and sometimes adjacent parts develop into a fruit that fruit (mature ovary) seed (mature ovule) The mature female gametophyte: The ovule now contains the mature female gametophyte (embryo sac), which typically consists of eight haploid nuclei embedded in a mass of cytoplasm. The cytoplasm differentiates into cells, one of which is an egg and another of which contains two polar nuclei. 4. The mature male gametophyte: A pollen grain that lands on the carpel of the same type of plant germinates and produces a pollen tube, which grows within the style until it reaches an ovule in the ovar y. Inside the pollen tube, the generative cell nucleus divides and produces two nonflagellated sperm. A fully germinated pollen grain is the mature 5. Double fertilization: On reaching the ovule, the pollen tube discharges the sperm. One of the two sperm migrates to and fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote; the other unites with the two polar nuclei, producing a 3n (triploid) endosperm nucleus. The endosperm nucleus divides to form Embryo sac (mature female gametophyte) 3. Microspores: Each microspore in a pollen sac undergoes mitosis to become an immature pollen grain with two cells: the tube cell and the generative cell. The pollen sacs open, and the pollen grains are windblown or carried by an animal carrie r, usually to other flowers. This is pollination. Megaspores: Inside the ovule of an ovar y, three megaspores disintegrate, and only the remaining one undergoes mitosis to become a female gametophyte. degenerating megaspores pollen sac Ovule: megasporangium The carpel: The ovary at the base of a carpel contains one or more ovules. The contents of an ovule change during the flowering plant life cycle. 1. The stamen: An anther at the top of a stamen has four pollen sacs. Pollen grains are produced in pollen sacs. 2. The microsporangia: Pollen sacs of the anther are microsporangia, where each microsporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four microspores. The megasporangium: First, an ovule within an ovary contains a megasporangium, where a megasporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores. pollen tube FERTILIZATION Mitosis stigma style ovary

Page 602 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chara

Page 617 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. c. diploid (2n) d.b. haploid (n)

Page 618 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. d. e. a. b. c.