DEVELOPMENT & HEALTH WHY IS MALARIA A PROBLEM IN THESE AREAS? Photo 1Photo 2 Photo 3Photo 4

DEVELOPMENT & HEALTH Cambodia in South-East Asia Rural areas: close proximity to the forest provides ideal habitats for some mosquito species. Photo 1 Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, North Africa Poor housing and sanitation facilities: The houses in these areas don’t always have windows or mesh screens to prevent mosquitoes and other biting insects entering the house. Photo 2 Shanty town in India Warm climate (over °C) and heavy rainfall: Long rainy seasons can form areas of standing water which are ideal mosquito breeding grounds. Photo 3 Remote rural village in Peru, South America Remote areas are harder to get aid and medicine to Photo 4

DEVELOPMENT & HEALTH By the end of the lesson you will be able to: 1.Describe why malaria is a problem 2.Describe how malaria can be prevented. 3.Assess the success of preventative measures. Health factors

DEVELOPMENT & HEALTH Why is malaria a problem? Malaria has a significant economic impact on countries with high levels of malaria transmission. –40% of public health drug expenditure –30-50% of in patient hospital admissions –Significant economic losses and can decrease GDP by as much as 1.3% –Lost productivity costs Africa over $8billion per year. –Malaria deters foreign investment and trade –Tourists are less likely to visit, preventing foreign income. –Victims are less able to work and will lose their job. –Families are trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty and disease.

DEVELOPMENT & HEALTH How can malaria be prevented? RESEARCH CURE PREVENTION Think of the different ways that malaria can be prevented.

DEVELOPMENT & HEALTH Key methods to prevent malaria transmission are: –Long lasting insecticide impregnated nets –Indoor residual spraying –Mosquito repellents –Preventative drug treatments –Education of communities –Research to understand the parasite How can malaria be prevented?

DEVELOPMENT & HEALTH Problem with anti-malaria drugs Drugs kill the parasite but do not prevent the patient from being re-infected. Drugs are expensive and countries cannot to prescribe them freely Single drug therapies have led the malaria parasite to develop drug resistance.. Drugs become ineffective after the parasite develops a drug resistance..

DEVELOPMENT & HEALTH Problem with preventative measures Nets can only protect the individual at night. Insecticides are too expensive to spray the whole countryside Insecticides will pollute the freshwater supply and the environment. Draining all of the rural areas of stagnant water is impractical and takes too long. Climate warming is increasing the areas that malaria transmitting mosquitoes breed. The rate of malaria is still increasing so more nets are needed.

DEVELOPMENT & HEALTH SQA 2009 For malaria, what are the consequences of the disease for the population in an affected area? 4 marks For malaria, how successful are the methods used to control it? Explain your answer. 4 marks