1. El Nino and southern Oscillation (ENSO)

2. ENSO (el Niño and the southern oscillation)
Oscillation of ocean temperature/Fluctuation of ocean temperature
Usually occurs in the southern hemisphere
Equatorial Pacific Ocean
Occurs around Christmas time
Warm water
Impact weather conditions around the world

3. “Normal” “Neutral phase” “ENSO”
Trade winds blow east to west
Pushes warm water towards Asia (India, Indonesia)
Warm air rises
Monsson season
The warm water being pushed away from central and south America is replaced by cold water…. “upwelling”
Upwelling waters carries nutrients
Phytoplankton like nutrients
Zooplankton like phytoplankton
Fish like zooplankton
Bigger fish like fish
People like fish

4. “Normal” “Neutral phase”
Warm air rises and cools
Rain
This air travels east and up reaching the troposphere
Air is cool and dry and sink over Peru

6. Normal

7. Not normal-El Niño event
Warm phase of ENSO
Winds are not strong enough to push the warm water to the west
Warm waters slow move to the eastern side of the pacific
Upwelling of cold nutrient rich waters does not occur
Rain patterns change
Sea levels rise-warm water expands
Floods in central/south America (Peru)
Droughts in Indonesia, India
Where does it occur?
Tropical Pacific ocean
Equatorial pacific ocean
What is it
Development of warm ocean waters
Change/moving of rain fall patterns
Impact global weather and climate
Trade winds weaken
Atmospheric pressure weakens

8. Each El Nino event is different
Usually experience warmer global temperatures during el nino years

10. El Niño

11. La nina Similar to normal or neutral phase Cold phase of ENSO
Trade winds are strong
Cold ocean current

12. El Nino changes climate What are the implications?
Wetter conditions increase the transmission of diseases
Flooding leads to more mosquitos which transmit diseases like malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, zika
Sanitation problems-water sources are contaminated with raw sewage which can lead to the spread of cholera, dysentery and giardia

13. El Nino changes climate What are the implications?
Warmer water promotes transmission of diseases
Bacteria growth
Increase insect breeding
Habitat destruction-loss of biodiversity
Coral bleaching-loss of biodiversity
No upwelling-loss of food, disruption of food web
Disrupt migration patterns-disruption of food web

14. El nino changes climate What are the implications?
Warmer land temperatures
increase breeding seasons for insects (mosquitos)-vectors for disease transmission
increase in area/range of insects
high populations of insects because they are not killed off by colder weather
Species are unable to adapt and starve/die off
Habitat destruction

15. El nino changes climate What are the implications?
Drier air
Stagnant water= breeding ground for insects/mosquitos
One of the largest Dengue fever outbreaks was during an unusually dry season

16. El nino changes climate What are the implications?
Drought
Less freshwater
Concentrated pollutants in the little water available
Increase in diarrheal diseases-cholera-leads to dehydration leads to death
Increase of fires-habitat destruction-loss of biodiversity
Decrease of food production-decrease in available food-organisms starve

17. Increase in rain fall Flooding-plants cant grow-loss of food source
Erosion-habitat destruction
Mudslides-habitat destruction
Increase in storms-increase of rain fall-flooding-habitat destruction