World Geography
Maghreb nations: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco Close ties to Middle Eastern, Arab nations Major similarities: Arabic-speaking Muslims Live along Mediterranean Coast Inland: arid, form northern edges of Sahara
What do you imagine the climate is along the Mediterranean coast? Near the Sahara?
On the interior… little contact with other cultures! No rivers to travel on… mountains and desert = barriers Less cultural diffusion means what?
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5000 BCE: Berbers transitioned from nomads to herders and farmers Camels: allow transport in desert conditions Caravans: large groups of merchants What advantages would they have traveling in groups? Carried salt south and gold north, transported wild animals
Mid-600s CE Arab armies invade N. Africa Cultural Diffusion: language, religion Region becomes important trade center between Europe, Asia, and Africa Arab majority throughout N. Africa 17% Berbers in Algeria Elsewhere, minority population of Berbers
1830: France invades Algeria (rebels battle for 70 years, but are defeated) Late 1800s: France expands empire to Tunisia 1912: France gains control of Morocco, Italy conquers Libya 1951: Italy defeated in WW2, Libya declared independent by UN Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco (fight for independ.)
Rural Life: Small villages Mud or stone houses Water must be carried from village well each day Rest time midday, when temperatures are hottest (adapt to physical environment!) Subsistence farming
Small groups travel throughout Sahara Tuareg Own language (only Berber lang written) Unique form of Islam (incorporates traditional religion) Droughts force many to create permanent settlements… why?
Undergoing rapid urbanization (cannot be supported… housing/jobs scarce) More than ½ population lives in urban areas Medinas: Older, Arab sections of N. African cities Souks: Market areas that begin at a mosque
Tunis, Tunisia
Oil = 99% of exports Oil $$$ pays for roads, schools, housing, hospitals
1969 overthrew pro-Western King Socialism, mixing Islamic tradition with modern political and economic reforms Goals: Equally distribute wealth (no Libyan could have more than one house, or 1000 dinar, $3,400, in savings)… extra was seized Root out Western influences: closed bars, banned jeans for men, short skirts for women
Let us discover the most recent events in Libya!