AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY and IMPERIALISM

Essential Questions: –How did America’s role in the world change by 1900? –What is “foreign policy”? –Why would the U.S. want to annex each of the following territories during the late 1800s? *Alaska *Hawaii *Puerto Rico And the Philippine Islands

America’s Changing Role in the World From 1790 to 1900, the United States expanded its role in world affairs Explain what each of the following primary sources reveal about America’s foreign policy at the time of the quote

“The Great Rule of conduct for [the U.S.], in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations but to have with them as little political connection as possible... 'Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances, with any portion of the foreign world” —George Washington, Farewell Address (1796) America’s Changing Role in the World

In 1796, George Washington promoted a policy of neutrality and warned against alliances with foreign nations (especially Europe) America’s Changing Role in the World

“The American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. We should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.” —The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine asserted neutrality, but proclaimed that the U.S. would protect the Western hemisphere (North America and South America) from European influence America’s Changing Role in the World

“The American claim is by the right of our Manifest Destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent… Providence has given us this land for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us.” —John O’Sullivan, New York Morning News (1845)

In 1845, the U.S. used treaties and wars to pursue its “Manifest Destiny” and expand to the Pacific Ocean America’s Changing Role in the World

“American factories are making more than the American people can use; American soil is producing more than they can consume. Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and shall be ours.” —Senator Albert Beveridge (1898) America’s Changing Role in the World

By the 1890s, the United States gained new overseas colonies and developed a more active foreign policy

Reasons for U.S. Imperialism In the late 1800s, the United States emerged as an imperialist nation

Imperialism is the act of strong nations exerting their power over weaker nations, often by gaining new colonies Reasons for U.S. Imperialism

From 1867 to 1904, the United States annexed Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and built the Panama Canal

Americans were motivated by a variety of factors to imperialize In 1890, the U.S. Census declared that the frontier was closed and there were no new lands in the “west” for Americans to expand into

Reasons for U.S. Imperialism During the Gilded Age, American industry grew so large that new overseas markets and new sources of raw materials were needed

European powers had acquired colonies and many Americans believed that the USA had to imperialize in order to keep up

At the urging of Admiral Alfred Mahan, America developed a modern navy, allowing the U.S. to compete with other powerful nations Reasons for U.S. Imperialism

Many believed that Social Darwinism gave Americans a duty to “civilize” the “inferior races” of the world by introducing medicine, technology, Christianity, and democracy Social Darwinism

The White Man’s Burden Superstition Oppression Ignorance Barbarism Vice Civilization

Group Activity: American Imperialism Student groups will be assigned 1 of 8 countries impacted by U.S. imperialism: – Groups will research the events of U.S. imperialism and present a brief 3 minute class presentation. Presentations will include: An overview the events The positive and negative impacts Should the USA have done this? Why or why not?

■Where in the World is Uncle Sam?

U.S. Imperialism: HAWAII From 1820 to 1890, Americans moved to Hawaii as missionaries and fruit plantation owners In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani came to power and tried to reduce the power of Americans living in Hawaii Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in 1893 and Hawaii was annexed by the USA in 1898 (governed by Sanford Dole)

U.S. Imperialism: CHINA By the 1890s, European imperial powers carved China into spheres of influence, giving them exclusive trade rights in Chinese ports In 1899, the USA declared an Open Door Policy in China to allow free trade by any nation in any port

U.S. Imperialism: CUBA In 1895, Cubans declared their independence from Spain; To put down the revolution, Spain used brutal tactics (like starvation) U.S. newspapers sensationalized the events in Cuba (known as “yellow journalism”) In 1898, the U.S. sent the USS Maine to Cuba to protect American interests there; After the ship mysteriously exploded, Americans declared war on Spain

The Spanish-American War was fought to liberate Cuba and the Philippines from Spanish control; the war lasted only 113 days

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

U.S. Imperialism: PUERTO RICO Puerto Rico is still a U.S. territory (lots of poverty and unemployment)

As a result of the Spanish-American War, Cuba gained its independence and the USA annexed the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico When the Filipino people were not given independence, they led an unsuccessful rebellion against the USA in the Filipino-American War in 1899

The Filipino-American War lasted three years and cost more in money and American lives than the Spanish-American War

AN AMERICAN WAR CRIMINAL GENERAL JACOB H. SMITH The Americans were able to stop the rebel Filipinos partly because of the brutal tactics used by one of the commanding officers, General Jacob H. Smith In one region of the Philippines, Smith ordered any over ten years old to be executed When his war crimes became public, Smith was court- martialed and kicked out of the U.S. military

U.S. Imperialism: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC When Theodore Roosevelt became president, he used “Big Stick Diplomacy”: develop an active U.S. foreign policy with a strong navy to accomplish goals

TR added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, giving the United States “police powers” to protect Latin America from European imperialism

U.S. Imperialism: PANAMA TR used “Big Stick Diplomacy” to build the Panama Canal by encouraging a Panamanians to rebel from Colombia

U.S. Imperialism: MEXICO The USA tried to intervene in Mexican affairs when Huerta overthrew Diaz and again when Carranza overthrew Huerta

Mexico and the USA almost went to war when Mexican rebel Pancho Villa killed 33 Americans

The Debate over American Imperialism Not all Americans supported imperialism The Anti-Imperialist League formed in 1899 to fight the U.S. annexation of the Philippines Many argued that the U.S. had no right to force American culture upon others

The U.S. Becomes a World Power By the 20 th Century, the United States was a major world power The U.S. built the world’s third-largest navy

The U.S. Becomes a World Power The U.S. annexed Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and many Pacific islands

The U.S. Becomes a World Power The U.S. had significant influence in Asia (the Open Door Policy)

Revamped by Christopher Jaskowiak Originally created by Brooks Baggett