1. Essential Question:
How did America’s role in the world change by 1900?
Warm-Up Question:
What is “foreign policy”?
Why would the U.S. want to annex each of the following territories during the late 1800s? *Alaska *Hawaii *Puerto Rico

2. America’s Changing Role in the World
From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs:
Explain what each of the following primary sources reveal about America’s foreign policy at the time of the quote

3. America’s Changing Role in the World
From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs:
In 1796, George Washington promoted a policy of neutrality & warned against alliances with foreign nations (especially Europe)
“The Great rule of conduct for [the U.S.],
in regard to foreign Nations is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible... 'Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances, with any portion of the foreign world”
—George Washington, Farewell Address (1796)

4. America’s Changing Role in the World
From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs:
In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine asserted neutrality but proclaimed that the U.S. would protect the western hemisphere from European influence
“The American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. We should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety”
—The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

5. America’s Changing Role in the World
From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs:
In 1845, the U.S. used treaties & wars to pursue its “Manifest Destiny” & expand to the Pacific Ocean
“The American claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us”
—John O’Sullivan, New York Morning News (1845)

6. America’s Changing Role in the World
From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs:
By the 1890s, the U.S. gained new overseas colonies & developed a more active foreign policy
“American factories are making more than the American people can use; American soil is producing more than they can consume. Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and shall be ours.” —Senator Albert Beveridge (1898)

7. Reasons for U.S. Imperialism
In the late 1800s, the United States emerged as an imperialist nation:
Imperialism is the act of strong nations exerting their power over weaker nations, often by gaining new colonies
From 1867 to 1904, the U.S, annexed Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines & built the Panama Canal

8. American Imperialism

9. Reasons for U.S. Imperialism
Americans were motivated by a variety of factors to imperialize:
In 1890, the U.S. census declared that the frontier was closed & there were no new lands in the “west” for Americans to expand into
During the Gilded Age, American industry grew so large that new overseas markets & new sources of raw materials were needed

10. European powers had acquired colonies & many Americans believed that the USA had to imperialize in order to keep up

11. Reasons for U.S. Imperialism
At the urging of Admiral Alfred Mahan, the USA developed a modern navy, allowing the U.S. to compete with other powerful nations
Many believed that Social Darwinism gave Americans a duty to “civilize” the “inferior races” of the world by introducing medicine, technology, Christianity, & democracy

12. Overview of American Involvement
We will discuss American involvement in 8 different locations.
Create a summary of the events for each location in your notes.
Take good notes, as you will need them for our class discussion at the end of this section.

13. The White Man’s Burden Civilization Vice Ignorance Barbarism
Superstition
Oppression

14. U.S. Imperialism: HAWAII
From 1820 to 1890, Americans moved to Hawaii as missionaries & fruit plantation owners
In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani came to power & tried to reduce the power of Americans living in Hawaii
Americans overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in 1893 & Hawaii was annexed by the USA in 1898

15. Annexing Hawaii (2.07)

16. U.S. Imperialism: CHINA
By the 1890s, European imperial powers carved China into spheres of influence, giving them exclusive trade rights in Chinese ports
In 1899, the USA declared an Open Door Policy in China to allow free trade by any nation in any port

17. China: The Open Door Policy (3.28)

18. U.S. Imperialism: CUBA
In 1895, Cubans declared their independence from Spain; To put down the revolution, Spain used brutal tactics (like starvation)
U.S. newspapers sensationalized the events in Cuba (known as “yellow journalism”)
In 1898, the U.S. sent the USS Maine to Cuba to protect American interests there; After the ship mysteriously exploded, Americans declared war on Spain

19. The Spanish-American War Begins (2.19)

20. Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders
The Spanish-American War was fought to liberate Cuba & the Philippines from Spanish control; The war lasted only 113 days
Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders

21. As a result of the Spanish-American War, Cuba was liberated & the USA annexed the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico
Under the Platt Amendment, Cuba became a US Protectorate, a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.
The US recognized Cuba’s newly formed government. The US forced Cuba to add provisions, known as the Platt Amendment, to their Constitution.

22. U.S. Imperialism: PUERTO RICO
After the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico was placed under military control and then became a territory of the US. The people of Puerto Rico are US citizens. Puerto Rico is still a U.S. territory; Lots of poverty & unemployment.

23. The War in the Philippines and the Caribbean (3.09)

24. U.S. Imperialism: PHILIPPINES
When the Philippines were annexed by the USA & not granted independence after the Spanish-American War, the Filipino-American War began in 1898
The Filipino-American War lasted 3 years & cost more in money & American lives than the Spanish-American War

25. U.S. Imperialism: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
TR added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, giving the United States “police powers” to protect Latin America from European imperialism
When Theodore Roosevelt became president, he used “Big Stick Diplomacy”: Develop an active U.S. foreign policy with a strong navy to accomplish goals
Taft used Dollar Diplomacy to give bank loans to foreign countries to keep European powers out of the Caribbean.

26. U.S. Imperialism: PANAMA
TR used “Big Stick Diplomacy” to build the Panama Canal by encouraging the Panamanians to rebel from Colombia
Panamanians declared their independence from Columbia with the support of more that a dozen American Warships.

28. U.S. Imperialism: MEXICO
The USA tried to intervene in Mexican affairs when Huerta overthrew Diaz & again when Carranza overthrew Huerta
Under Wilson “Missionary diplomacy” the US denied recognition to governments it considered hostile to it’s interest.
Mexico & the USA almost went to war when Mexican rebel Pancho Villa killed 33 Americans

29. The Debate over American Imperialism
Not all Americans supported imperialism:
The Anti-Imperialist League formed in 1899 to fight U.S. annexation of the Philippines
Many argued that the U.S. had no right to force American culture upon others

30. The U.S. Becomes a World Power
By the 20th century, the USA was a world power:
Built the world’s 3rd largest navy
Annexed Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, many Pacific islands
Asserted itself in Latin America (Spanish-American War, Panama Canal, & Roosevelt Corollary
Influenced Asia (Open Door Policy)

31. Group Activity American Imperialism
Student groups will be assigned 1 of 8 countries impacted by U.S. Imperialism:
Groups will be prepared to discuss an overview of the event.
Describe both the positive & negative impacts.
Share your opinion: Were American actions justified?

32. Focus Question
Describe the examples of American imperialism in the early 20th century.

33. Focus Question
Describe the debate over American Imperialism.