The Endocrine System 8 Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.1 Functions and Control of the Endocrine System

Functions and Control of the Endocrine System A collection of organs that directly or indirectly influence all the functions of the body

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Anatomy of the Endocrine System Two different types of glands endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into bloodstream include the hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, testes, and ovaries exocrine glands secrete through a duct to the body’s surface or to other organs sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, pancreas glands

Hormones steroid hormones–lipid-based – hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and reproductive glands amino acid hormones–protein-based – most hormones hormone receptors Upregulated (increased) – exercise upregulates insulin receptors – less insulin is needed to promote glucose uptake Downregulated (decreased) – obesity downregulates insulin receptors – more insulin is needed to promote glucose uptake - diabetes

Hormone Secretion Control Neural Control Hormonal Control Humoral Control

Hormone Secretion Control neural control nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to secrete or inhibit a hormone the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine which prime the body for fight or flight response – increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and blood flow to muscles; decreased blood flow to organs and dilation of the pupils

Hormone Secretion Control hormonal control hierarchy chain of command endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine organs, starting with the hypothalamus hypothalamus (president) directs activities of the pituitary glands by secreting hypothalamic releasing hormones and hypothalamic nonreleasing hormones pituitary gland (vice president) releases many hormones to the adrenal cortex, thyroid, reproductive organs, pancreas, and adrenal medulla (managers) the managers release hormones – when the manager hormones rise in the bloodstream, signals are sent back to the hypothalamus and pituitary glad to stop releasing hormones – negative feedback loop

Hormone Secretion Control

Hormone Secretion Control humoral control levels of various substances in body fluids are monitored if a homeostatic imbalance is detected, corrective action is taken until homeostasis is re-established when blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin which stimulates the absorption of glucose when blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas secretes the hormone glucagon which causes the breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and thereby increases the glucose level in the blood

Hormones and Homeostasis negative feedback mechanism that reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis http://www.g-wlearning.com/healthsciences/9781619604124/student/ch08/video01.htm

The Hypothalamus helps regulates body temperature

Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones. 2. Endocrine glands have ducts. 3. Steroid hormones are proteins. 4. Hormone receptors can only be upregulated. 5. Glucagon is under humoral control.

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Major Endocrine Organs Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.2 Major Endocrine Organs

Major Endocrine Organs

The Hypothalamus helps regulate metabolism heart rate energy level body temperature thirst

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary prolactin (PRO) growth of mammary glands milk production in a nursing mother growth hormone (GH) growth of bone and muscles

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in females estrogen production egg production in males sperm production luteinizing hormone (LH) ovulation testosterone

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary antidiuretic hormone acts on kidney, decreases urine output oxytocin acts on uterus, causes contractions acts on breast, causes secretion of milk

Major Endocrine Glands thyroid gland thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3 controls rate of metabolism calcitonin removes calcium from blood, puts into bones parathyroid gland parathyroid hormone removes calcium from bones, puts into blood

Major Endocrine Glands thymus gland thymosin development of immune system pineal gland melatonin produces sleepiness

Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

Adrenal Glands adrenal medulla adrenal cortex epinephrine and norepinephrine adrenaline rush adrenal cortex mineralocorticoids aldosterone sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys glucocorticoids cortisone and cortisol promote gluconeogenesis sex hormones estrogen and androgens maintains sexual characteristics

Adrenal Glands

Pancreas islets of Langerhans alpha cells beta cells glucagon increase blood glucose level beta cells insulin decrease blood glucose level

Gonads testes ovaries testosterone estrogen sperm production secondary sexual characteristics progesterone menstrual cycle

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: ADH, thyroxine, thymosin, or adrenal cortex. 1. The thymus gland produces _______________. 2. The posterior pituitary gland produces oxytocin and _______________. 3. Mineralocorticoids are produced by the _______________. 4. T4 is also called _______________.

Endocrine Disorders and Diseases Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.3 Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

Endocrine Disorders and Diseases pituitary disorders thyroid disorders disorders of the parathyroid gland adrenal medulla disorders disorders of the adrenal cortex the pancreas and diabetes mellitus

Pituitary Disorders hyperfunction hypofunction acromegaly, or gigantism hypofunction dwarfism diabetes insipidus

Thyroid Disorders hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism goiter Graves disease myxedema neonatal hypothyroidism

Endocrine Disorders and Diseases disorders of the parathyroid gland hypercalcemia hypocalcemia adrenal medulla disorders pheochromcytoma

Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex Cushing syndrome hypersecretion of cortisol Addison’s disease hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones

The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus symptoms of diabetes mellitus polyuria excessive urination polydipsia excessive thirst polyphagia increased hunger

The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus type I diabetes mellitus juvenile-onset type II diabetes mellitus adult-onset insulin resistance hyperglycemia

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism, Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria. 1. a result of pituitary hypofunction 2. excessive urination 3. hypersecretion of cortisol 4. a result of hyperthyroidism